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To investigate the hydrodynamic performance of manta rays swimming in staggered arranged group, a morphological and kinematic model of manta rays is developed based on biological observations, and then a numerical calculation method is established for group swimming of manta rays based on the Immersed Boundary Method and the Sphere function-based Gas Kinetic Scheme (IB-SGKS). The group swimming of two manta rays with a fixed vertical spacing of 0.1 times the body thickness, and a flow direction spacing of 0—1.5 times the body length is systematically investigated. The average thrust/efficiency of the group system and each individual in the group are analyzed by combining the global three-dimensional (3D) vortex structure and the characteristic cross-section two-dimensional (2D) vortex structure. The numerical results are shown below. When the streamwise spacing between individuals is small, the propulsive performance decreases sharply compared with swimming alone; as the streamwise spacing increases, the propulsive performance of the leader manta ray is consistently better than that of swimming alone, with the maximum thrust enhanced up to 11.24% when Dx = 0.4BL, and the maximum efficiency is enhanced up to 3.58% when Dx = 0.3BL; with the increase of the streamwise spacing, in the thrust/efficiency curves of the follower manta ray appears volatility, with the maximum thrust enhanced to 48.14% when Dx = 0.4BL and the maximum efficiency reached to 12.39% when Dx = 0.5BL; the system average thrust and efficiency enhancement both reach their corresponding maximum values, specifically, 29.69% and 6.77%, when Dx = 0.4BL, which is because the tail vortex of the leading manta ray just passes through the front edge of the follower manta ray and directly acts on the tip vortex that initially falls off from the follower manta rays, thus substantially increasing their vortex energy.
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Keywords:
- manta rays /
- group swimming /
- staggered arrangement /
- hydrodynamic performance /
- vortex structure
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Zhang D 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Northwestern Polytechnical University
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[27] Yang L M, Shu C, Wu J 2015 J. Comput. Phys. 295 322Google Scholar
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[31] Han P, Pan Y, Liu G, Dong H B 2022 J. Fluids Struct. 108 103422Google Scholar
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[1] Walker J A, Westneat M W 1997 J. Exp. Biol. 200 1549Google Scholar
[2] Borazjani I, Sotiropoulos F, Tytell E D, Lauder G V 2012 J. Exp. Biol. 215 671Google Scholar
[3] Wöhl S, Schuster S 2007 J. Exp. Biol. 210 311Google Scholar
[4] Li L, Ravi S, Xie G, Couzin I D 2021 Proc. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 477 20200810Google Scholar
[5] Weihs D 1973 Nature 241 290Google Scholar
[6] Chen S Y, Fei Y H J, Chen Y C, Chi K J, Yang J T 2016 Ocean Eng. 122 22Google Scholar
[7] Wei C, Hu Q, Li S J, Shi X D 2023 Ocean Eng. 267 113258Google Scholar
[8] Tian F B, Luo H, Zhu L, Liao J C, Lu X Y 2011 J. Comput. Phys. 230 7266Google Scholar
[9] Tian F B, Wang W, Wu J, Sui Y 2016 Comput. Fluids 124 1Google Scholar
[10] Li Y F, Chang J T, Kong C, Bao W 2022 Chin. J. Aeronaut. 35 14Google Scholar
[11] 王亮 2007 博士学位论文 (南京: 河海大学)
Wang L 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Nanjing: Hehai University
[12] Jian D, Shao X M 2006 J. Hydrodyn. 18 438Google Scholar
[13] Chung M H 2011 J. Mech. 27 177Google Scholar
[14] Dai L Z, He G W, Zhang X, Zhang X 2018 J. R. Soc. Interface 15 20180490Google Scholar
[15] Chao L M, Zhang D, Cao Y H, Pan G 2018 Mod. Phys. Lett. B 32 1850034Google Scholar
[16] Chao L M, Pan G, Zhang D, Yan G X 2019 Ocean Eng. 183 167Google Scholar
[17] Li X H, Gu J Y, Su Z, Yao Z Q 2021 Phys. Fluids 33 121905Google Scholar
[18] 高鹏骋, 刘冠杉, 黄桥高, 潘光, 马云龙 2023 力学学报 55 62Google Scholar
Gao P C, Liu G S, Huang Q G, Pan G, Ma Y L 2023 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 55 62Google Scholar
[19] 高鹏骋, 黄桥高, 宋东, 潘光, 马云龙 2023 西北工业大学学报 41 595Google Scholar
Gao P C, Huang Q G, Song D, Pan G, Ma Y L 2023 Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 41 595Google Scholar
[20] Gao P C, Huang Q G, Pan G, Ma Y L, Song D 2022 Phys. Fluids 34 111908Google Scholar
[21] Gao P C, Huang Q G, Pan G, Cao Y, Luo Y 2023 Ocean Eng. 278 114389Google Scholar
[22] Gao P C, Huang Q G, Pan G, Song D, Cao Y 2023 Phys. Fluids 35 061909Google Scholar
[23] 张栋 2020 博士学位论文 (西安: 西北工业大学)
Zhang D 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Northwestern Polytechnical University
[24] Zhang D, Huang Q G, Pan G, Yang L M, Huang W X 2022 J. Fluid Mech. 930 A28Google Scholar
[25] Zhang D, Huang W X 2023 J. Fluid Mech. 963 A16Google Scholar
[26] Taira K, Colonius T 2007 J. Comput. Phys. 225 2118Google Scholar
[27] Yang L M, Shu C, Wu J 2015 J. Comput. Phys. 295 322Google Scholar
[28] Yang L M, Shu C, Wang Y, Sun Y 2016 J. Comput. Phys. 319 129Google Scholar
[29] Yang L M, Shu C, Yang W M, Wang Y, Wu J 2017 Phys. Fluids 29 083605Google Scholar
[30] Zhang J D, Sung H J, Huang W X 2020 Phys. Fluids 32 111902Google Scholar
[31] Han P, Pan Y, Liu G, Dong H B 2022 J. Fluids Struct. 108 103422Google Scholar
[32] Gao P C, Tian X S, Huang Q G, Pan G 2024 Phys. Fluids 36 0180621Google Scholar
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