Dilution refrigeration technology

Zheng Mao-Wen; Guo Hao-Wen; Wei Ling-Jiao; Pan Zi-Jie; Zou Jia-Run; Li Rui-Xin; Zhao Mi-Guang; Chen Hou-Lei; Liang Jing-Tao

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20241211

Abstract
Dilution refrigerator, as a refrigeration technology that can obtain extremely low temperatures below 10 mK, is widely used in fields such as quantum computing, and condensed matter physics. The development of the most widely used typical dry dilution refrigerators has been relatively mature, while there is little research on other types of dilution refrigerators, and there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic research on dilution refrigeration technology.This paper focuses on the current status of dilution refrigeration technology research, introduces its basic principles, and points out that the fundamental reason for continuous refrigeration is the limited solubility of 3He in 4He and the difference in enthalpy between the concentrated phase and the dilute phase. This paper summarizes the realization forms and research progress of typical dilution refrigerators, 4He cycle dilution refrigerators, cold cycle dilution refrigerators, and space dilution refrigerators, and discusses their respective application occasions and advantages and disadvantages. From the Kapitza thermal resistance, osmotic pressure, and resistance, this paper analyzes the key influencing factors and design calculation methods for realizing dilution refrigerators below 10 mK, which provides reference for studying dilution refrigeration technology.

Keywords:
ultra low temperature /

dilution refrigeration /

quantum computing /

Kapitza resistance
FullText HTML : translate this paragraph

Cited By

图 1 在绝对零度时³He在⁴He中的化学势平衡关系^[11,12,21]

Figure 1. Chemical potential equilibrium relationship of ³He in ⁴He at absolute zero^[11,12,21].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 ³He-⁴He混合液相图^[8–12]

Figure 2. The phase diagram of ³He-⁴He mixture^[8–12].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 浓相、稀相分离示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of separation of concentrated phase and diluted phase.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 浓相与稀相的焓值图^[11]

Figure 4. The enthalpy diagram of the concentrated phase and diluted phase^[11].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 稀释制冷循环流程

Figure 5. The cycle of dilution refrigerator.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 稀释制冷机结构图　(a) 湿式^[30]; (b)干式^[37]

Figure 6. The structure of DR: (a) The wet ^[30];(b) dry DR^[37].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 冷循环稀释制冷机示意图

Figure 7. The schematic diagram of CDR.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 冷凝泵型稀释制冷机模型图(NASA Ames实验室)

Figure 8. Model diagram of condensate pump dilution refrigerator (NASA Ames).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 Leiden型(⁴He循环)稀释制冷机原理图^[52]

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of Leiden type (⁴He cycle) dilution refrigerator^[52].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 空间开式稀释制冷机原理图^[58,59]

Figure 10. The schematic diagram of OCDR^[58,59].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 空间闭式稀释制冷机^[62]

Figure 11. The schematic diagram of CCDR^[62].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 常温及极低温下的温度梯度　(a)常温下的换热器; (b)极低温下的换热器

Figure 12. Temperature gradient at normal temperature and extremely low temperature: (a) Normal temperature; (b) extremely low temperature.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 13 不同材料的Kapitza热阻值^[19]

Figure 13. Kapitza thermal resistance of different materials^[19].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 14 换热器结构示意图　(a) 螺旋套管换热器; (b) 纳米烧结银粉换热器

Figure 14. Schematic of the heat-exchanger: (a) Tube-in-tube; (b) sintered nano silver powder.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 15 极低温逆流换热器计算模型图^[71]

Figure 15. Calculation model diagram of extremely low temperature counter-flow heat exchanger^[71].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 16 一种采用加热丝抑制超流氦爬膜的蒸发器结构^[11]

Figure 16. The still structure using heating wires to restrain superfluid helium from climbing the film^[11].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 17 稀释单元稀相管路内的渗透压平衡关系图

Figure 17. Osmotic pressure balance diagram in dilute phase pipeline of dilution unit.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 18 文献[11,28,73]中给出的渗透压数值

Figure 18. Osmotic pressure values given in Ref. [11,28,73].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 国外主流商用稀释制冷机产品

Table 1. The foreign mainstream commercial dilution refrigerator products.

公司	稀释制冷机型号	最低温度/mK	制冷功率
Bluefors	BF- LD250	10	250 μW@100 mK 10 μW@20 mK
	BF-XLD400	10	400 μW@100 mK 15 μW@20 mK
	BF-XLD1000	10	1000 μW@100 mK 30 μW@20 mK
	KIDE	10	3 mW@100 mK(3个模块)
Oxford	Proteox MX	10	450 μW@100 mK 12 μW@20 mK
	Proteox LX	7	850 μW@100 mK 25 μW@20 mK
	Proteox 5 mK	5	850 μW@100 mK 25 μW@20 mK
Janis	JDry-500	10	400 μW@100 mK
Janis	JDry-750	9	400 μW@100 mK 14 μW@20 mK
Cryoconcept	HEXA-DRY L	10	450 μW@100 mK

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 国内报道的经典稀释制冷机研究进展

Table 2. Research progress of classical dilution refrigerators reported in China.

单位/企业	目前最低温度/mK	制冷功率
中国科学院物理研究所	<7.6	>450 μW@100 mK
中国科学院理化技术研究所^[7]	<18	>350 μW@100 mK
中国电子科技集团公司第十六研究所	7.9	>450 μW@100 mK
安徽大学/知冷科技	8.5	550 μW@100 mK
中船鹏力超低温	12	>450 μW@100 mK
本源量子	<10	>450 μW@100 mK
北京飞斯科科技有限公司	<10	>300 μW@100 mK
集焓科学仪器有限公司	6.8	>400 μW@100 mK

DownLoad: CSV

表 3 蒸发器温度对应的³He及⁴He蒸气压

Table 3. ³He and ⁴He vapor pressures corresponding to evaporator temperature.

蒸发器温度/K	P₃₀/Pa	P₄₀/Pa	x₃/%	a	P₃/Pa	P₄/Pa	(P₃+ P₄)/Pa	[P₃/(P₃+P₄)]/%
0.9	695	5.542	0.78	4.47	24.23	5.499	29.73	81.51
0.8	378	1.526	0.88	5.13	17.06	1.513	18.58	91.86
0.7	180	0.30375	1	5.98	10.76	0.301	11.06	97.28
0.6	70.6	0.037485	1.2	7.11	6.02	0.037	6.06	99.39
0.5	20.5	0.002178	1.4	8.69	2.49	0.0021	2.50	99.91
0.4	3.59	0.001	1.8	11.07	0.72	0.0010	0.72	99.86

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	郑茂文, 卫铃佼, 全加, 林鹏, 梁惊涛, 赵密广 2020 低温物理学报 41 211 Zheng M W, Wei L J, Quan J, Lin P, Liang J T, Zhao M G. 2020 Low Temp. Phys. 41 211
[2]	Uhlig K 2015 Cryogenics 66 6 Google Scholar
[3]	Scholz P A, Kraft-Bermuth S, Andrianov V 2016 J. Low Temp. Phys. 184 576 Google Scholar
[4]	Zheng M W, Quan J, Wang N L, Li C Z, Zhao M G, Wei L J, Liang J T 2019 J. Low Temp. Phys. 19 1
[5]	London H 1951 Proceeding of International Conference on Low Temperature Physics, Oxford p157
[6]	Das P, Ouboter R D B, Taconis K W 1965 9th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics Olenum Press, London, 1965 p1253
[7]	Zheng M W, Li J G, Guo H W, Wei L J, Pan Z J, Li Rui X, Chen H L, Liang J T 2024 Cryogenics 138 103802 Google Scholar
[8]	Lounasmaa O V 1979 J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 12 668 Google Scholar
[9]	Zhao Z Y, Wang C 2020 Cryogenic Engineering and Technologies (New York: CRC Press) p317
[10]	Guglielmo V, Lara R 2008 The Art of Cryogenics( British: British Library ) p143
[11]	Lounasmaa O V 1974 Experimental Principles and Methods Below 1K(New York: Academic Press INC
[12]	Edwards D O, Pettersen M S 1992 J. Low Temp. Phys. 87 3
[13]	Wilks J 1967 The Properties of Liquid and Solid Helium (Oxford: Clarendon Press
[14]	Walker E J, Fairbank H A 1960 Phys. Rev. Lett. 5 139 Google Scholar
[15]	Graf E H, Lee D M, Reppy J D 1965 Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 417 Google Scholar
[16]	Edwards D O, Daunt J G 1961 Phys. Rev. 124 640 Google Scholar
[17]	van Leeuwen J M J, Cohen E G D 1961 Physica 27 1157 Google Scholar
[18]	Masaki N, Yoshiko F, Toshinobu S 1987 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 26 69 Google Scholar
[19]	White G K 1968 Experimental Techniques in Low Temperature Physics (Oxford: Clarendon Press
[20]	Wheatley J C, Rapp R E, Johnson R T 1971 J. Low Temp. Phys. 4 1 Google Scholar
[21]	Abel W R, Wheatley J C 1968 Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 1231 Google Scholar
[22]	Wheatley J C, Vilches O E, Abel W R 1968 Phys. 4 1 Google Scholar
[23]	Wheatley J C, Rapp R E, Johnson R T 1971 J. Low. Temp. Phys. 4 1 Google Scholar
[24]	Mota A C, Platzeck R P, Rapp R E, Wheatley J C 1969 Phys. Rev. 177 266 Google Scholar
[25]	Radebaugh R, Siegwarth J D 1971 Phys. Rev. Lett. 27 796
[26]	Radebaugh R, Siegwarth J D 1971 Cryogenics 11 368 Google Scholar
[27]	Peterson R E, Anderson A C 1973 J. Low Temp. Phys. 11 639 Google Scholar
[28]	Kuerten J G M, Castelijns C A M, de Waele A T A M, Gijsman H M 1985 Cryogenics 25 419 Google Scholar
[29]	Peshkov V P 1970 Cryogenics 10 3 Google Scholar
[30]	Bunkov Y M, Guénault A M, Hayward D J, Jackson D A, Kennedy C J, Nichols T R, Miller I E, Pickett G R, Ward M G 1991 J. Low Temp. Phys. 83 257 Google Scholar
[31]	Vermeulen G A, Frossati G 1987 Cryogenics 27 139 Google Scholar
[32]	冉启泽, 钱永嘉, 朱元贞 1979 低温物理 1 18 Ran Q Z, Qian Y J, Zhu Y J 1979 Low Temp. Phys. 1 18
[33]	Uhlig K, Hehn W 1993 Cryogenics 33 1028 Google Scholar
[34]	Uhlig K, Hehn W 1994 Cryogenics 3 587
[35]	Uhlig K, Hehn W 1997 Cryogenics 37 279 Google Scholar
[36]	Koike Y, Morii Y, Igarashi T, Kubota M, Hiresaki Y, Tanida K 1999 Cryogenics 39 579 Google Scholar
[37]	Uhlig K 2004 Cryogenics 44 53 Google Scholar
[38]	Uhlig K 2008 Cryogenics 48 138 Google Scholar
[39]	Sakon T, Nojiril H, Koyama K 2003 J. Phys Soc. Jpn. 72 140
[40]	Herrmann R, Ofitserov A V, Khlyustikov I N 2005 Instrum. Exp. Tech. 48 5
[41]	Shvarts V, Zhao Z, Bobb L, Jirmanus M 2009 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 150 1
[42]	Uhlig K 2009 International Cryocooler Conference 15, Long Beach, California, June 9-12, 2009 p15497
[43]	Umeno T, Maehata K, Ishibashi K 2010 Cryogenics 50 314 Google Scholar
[44]	Singh V, Mathimalar S, Dokania N, et al. 2013 Pramana – J. Phys. 81 719 Google Scholar
[45]	Hata T, Matsumoto T, Obara K 2014 J. Low Temp. Phys. 175 471
[46]	Mikheev V A, Maidanov V A, Mikhin N P 1984 Cryogenics 24 190 Google Scholar
[47]	Mohandas P, Cowan B P, Saunders J 1994 Physica B 194 55
[48]	Prouvé T, Luchier N, Duband L 2008 Cryocoolers 15 California, US, June 9–12, 2008 p497
[49]	Teleberg G, Chase S T, Piccirillo L 2006 SPIE Conf. Ser. 6275 62750D
[50]	Sivokon V E, Dotsenko V V, Pogorelov L A, Sobolev V I 1992 Cryogenics 32 207 Google Scholar
[51]	俎红叶, 程维军, 王亚南, 王晓涛, 李柯, 戴巍 2023 物理学报 72 080701 Zu H Y, Cheng W J, Wang Y N, Wang X T, Li K, Dai W 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 080701
[52]	Pennings N H, de Bruyn Ouboter R, Taconis K W 1976 Physica 84B 249
[53]	Pennings N H, Taconis K W, de Bruyn Ouboter R 1976 Physica 81B 101
[54]	Pennings N H, Taconis K W, de Bruyn Ouboter R 1976 Physica 84B 102
[55]	Satoh N K, Satoh T, Ohtsuka T, Fukuzawa N, Satoh N 1987 J. Low Temp. Phys. 67 195 Google Scholar
[56]	Duband L, Hui L, Lange A 1990 Cryogenics 30 3 263
[57]	Roach P R, Helvensteijn Ben P M 1999 Cryogenics 39 1015 Google Scholar
[58]	Benoit A, Pujol S 1994 Cryogenics 34 421
[59]	Sirbi A, Pouilloux B, Benoit A, Lamarre J M 1999 Cryogenics 39 665 Google Scholar
[60]	Sentis L, Delmas J, Camus P, et al. 2005 Cryocoolers 13 New York, US 2005 pp533-542
[61]	Triqueneaux S, Sentis L, Camus P, Benoit A, Guyot G 2006 Cryogenics 46 288 Google Scholar
[62]	Martin F, Vermeulen G, Camus P, Benoit A 2010 Cryogenics 50 623 Google Scholar
[63]	Roach P R, Helvensteijn B P M 1999 10th International Cryocooler Conference MONTEREY, CA , May 26-28, 1999 pp647-653
[64]	Chaudhry G, Vermeulen G 2012 J. Low Temp. Phys. 169 90 Google Scholar
[65]	Chaudhry G, Volpe A, Camus P, Triqueneaux S, Vermeulen G 2012 Cryogenics 52 471 Google Scholar
[66]	Camus P, Vermeulen G, Volpe A, Triqueneaux S, Benoit A, Butterworth J, D’Escrivan S, Tirolien T 2014 J. Low Temp. Phys. 176 1069 Google Scholar
[67]	Nagata A, Sugita H, Shinozaki K, Sato Y 2018 Cryocoolers 20 Burlington, VT, June18-21, 2018 pp357-367
[68]	Keisuke S, Kenichiro S, Yoichi S, Hiroyuki S, Kazuhisa M, Takao N, Shoji T, Katsuhiro N, Gerard V, Philippe C, Sebastien T, Sylvain M, Stephane D 2016 Trans. JSASS Aerospace Tech. 14 27
[69]	Chandra M B, Nisith Kr D 2017 IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 171 012143 Google Scholar
[70]	Harriso J P 1979 J. Low Temp. Phys. 37 1 Google Scholar
[71]	郑茂文 2022 博士学位论文(北京: 中国科学院大学/理化技术研究所) Zheng M W 2022 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Science/ Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
[72]	Betts D S著(金铎, 冉启泽, 曹烈兆译) 1995 极低温(mK)技术概论 ( 北京: 中国科学技术大学出版社) Betts D S(translated by Jin D, Ran Q Z, Cao L Z) 1995 Ultra low Temperature Technologies (Hefei: Press of University of Science and Technology of China
[73]	Chaudhry G 2009 Ph. D. Dissertation (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

[1]	Yang Xiao-Kun, Li Wei, Huang Yong-Chang. Quantum game— “PQ” problem. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20230592
[2]	Wu Yu-Kai, Duan Lu-Ming. Research progress of ion trap quantum computing. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20231128
[3]	Fan Heng. Breakthrough of error correction in quantum computing. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230330
[4]	Li Ke, Wang Ya-Nan, Liu Ping, Yu Fang-Qiu, Dai Wei, Shen Jun. Experimental research on a 50 mK multi-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20231102
[5]	Zu Hong-Ye, Cheng Wei-Jun, Wang Ya-Nan, Wang Xiao-Tao, Li Ke, Dai Wei. Experimental analysis of condensation-pump dilution refrigerators. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20222257
[6]	Jiang Da, Yu Dong-Yang, Zheng Zhan, Cao Xiao-Chao, Lin Qiang, Liu Wu-Ming. Research progress of material, physics, and device of topological superconductors for quantum computing. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220596
[7]	Wang Mei-Hong, Hao Shu-Hong, Qin Zhong-Zhong, Su Xiao-Long. Research advances in continuous-variable quantum computation and quantum error correction. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220635
[8]	Wang Chen-Xu, He Ran, Li Rui-Rui, Chen Yan, Fang Ding, Cui Jin-Ming, Huang Yun-Feng, Li Chuan-Feng, Guo Guang-Can. Advances in the study of ion trap structures in quantum computation and simulation. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220224
[9]	Zhou Zong-Quan. “Quantum memory” quantum computers and noiseless phton echoes. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20212245
[10]	Wang Ning, Wang Bao-Chuan, Guo Guo-Ping. New progress of silicon-based semiconductor quantum computation. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20221900
[11]	Zhang Jie-Yin, Gao Fei, Zhang Jian-Jun. Research progress of silicon and germanium quantum computing materials. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20211492
[12]	Zhang Shi-Hao, Zhang Xiang-Dong, Li Lü-Zhou. Research progress of measurement-based quantum computation. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210923
[13]	Wang Chang, Li Ke, Shen Jun, Dai Wei, Wang Ya-Nan, Luo Er-Cang, Shen Bao-Gen, Zhou Yuan. Ultra-low temperature adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for sub-Kelvin region. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20202237
[14]	He Ying-Ping, Hong Jian-Song, Liu Xiong-Jun. Non-abelian statistics of Majorana modes and the applications to topological quantum computation. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200812
[15]	Tian Yu-Ling, Feng Tian-Feng, Zhou Xiao-Qi. Collaborative quantum computation with redundant graph state. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20190142
[16]	Zhao Shi-Ping, Liu Yu-Xi, Zheng Dong-Ning. Novel superconducting qubits and quantum physics. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180845
[17]	Fan Heng. Quantum computation and quantum simulation. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180710
[18]	Zhao Na, Liu Jian-She, Li Tie-Fu, Chen Wei. Progress of coupled superconducting qubits. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.62.010301
[19]	Ye Bin, Xu Wen-Bo, Gu Bin-Jie. Robust quantum computation of the quantum kicked Harper model and dissipative decoherence. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.57.689
[20]	Ye Bin, Gu Rui-Jun, Xu Wen-Bo. Robust quantum computation of the kicked Harper model and quantum chaos. Acta Physica Sinica, doi: 10.7498/aps.56.3709

Metrics

Abstract views: 219
PDF Downloads: 19
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板