Discharge characteristics of Martian CO<sub>2</sub> in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor

MA Yichen; WANG Yufei; WANG Tingting; CAO Yawen; LI Zhengqing; TAN Chang

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20251061

Abstract

The utilization of in-situ resource on Mars is currently one of the key research focuses in deep space exploration. Non-thermal plasma technology provides a promising approach for in-situ conversion of high-concentration CO₂ in the Martian atmosphere, with advantages such as strong environmental adaptability and high system efficiency. In this study, a coaxial packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor is employed to investigate the discharge characteristics of simulated Martian atmospheric CO₂, with particular emphasis on the effects of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ packing materials on CO₂ conversion performance and energy consumption. Through in-situ spectral diagnostics, the variation patterns of characteristic spectral lines of excited-state CO₂ and O₂ under different operating conditions are investigated in this work. It is found that increasing the discharge power promotes the generation of excited-state reactive species, which facilitates the activation and conversion of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, increasing the discharge power effectively enhances the electric field strength in CO₂ discharge. Compared with plasma only and the use of SiO₂ packing material, the system exhibits a more significant electric field enhancement effect when packed with Al₂O₃ beads. Based on numerical simulations, the electron impact reaction rate constant and electron energy distribution function of CO₂ discharge are obtained. The results reveal that packing the discharge gap with Al₂O₃ material significantly changes the physical characteristics of CO₂ discharge, enhances both the electric field strength and the mean electron energy, thereby generating more high-energy electrons and asymmetric vibrational excited states of CO₂. This ultimately promotes the CO₂ decomposition reaction for oxygen production. Finally, the study examines the effectiveness of CO₂ decomposition for oxygen production under various typical operating conditions. It is demonstrated that increasing the discharge power and packing with Al₂O₃ both contribute to improving the CO₂ conversion rate and oxygen production rate, while reducing the energy consumption of the reaction. The introduction of Al₂O₃ packing enhances the electric field strength, thereby improving CO₂ conversion and O₂ production, achieving a CO₂ conversion rate of 12.18% and a minimum energy consumption of 0.36 kWh/g. This study provides theoretical and experimental support for the future applications of non-thermal plasma technology in the in-situ resource utilization of Martian atmosphere, offering insights into sustainable resource utilization in deep space exploration.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics and Applied Technology, Xi’an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi’an 710100, China
2.
Deep Space Exploration Lab, Beijing 100089, China
3.
National Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration, Hefei 230000, China

Corresponding author: TAN Chang, casc_tan@163.com

Funds: Project supported by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12205228) and the Open Fund of National Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration, China (Grant No. NKDSEL2024004-1).

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References

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[2]	孙泽洲, 饶炜, 贾阳, 王闯, 董捷, 陈百超 2021 空间控制技术与应用 47 9 Sun Z Z, Rao Y, Jia Y, Wang C, Dong J, Chen B C 2021 Aerospace Control Appl. 47 9
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[8]	Engeling K W, Gott R P 2023 IEEE Tran. Plasma Sci. 51 1568 Google Scholar
[9]	Liu Y, Silva T, Dias T C, Viegas P, Zhao X, Du Y, He J, Guerra V 2025 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 34 035003 Google Scholar
[10]	张泰恒, 王绪成, 张远涛 2021 物理学报 70 215201 Google Scholar Zhang T H, Wang X C, Zhang Y T 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 215201 Google Scholar
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[30]	Wang Y L, Craven M, Yu X T, Ding J, Bryant P, Huang J, Tu X 2019 ACS Catal. 9 10780 Google Scholar
[31]	Ma Y C, Wang Y L, Harding J, Tu X 2021 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 30 105002 Google Scholar
[32]	李雪辰, 贾鹏英, 刘志辉, 李立春, 董丽芳 2008 物理学报 57 1001 Google Scholar Li X C, Jia P Y, Liu Z H, Li L C, Dong L F 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1001 Google Scholar
[33]	Tu X, Gallon H J, Twigg M V, Gorry P A, Whitehead J C 2011 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 44 274007 Google Scholar
[34]	Reyes P, Gomez A, Vergara J, Martínez H, Torres C 2017 Rev. Mex. Fis. 63 363
[35]	Wang Y L, Yang J Q, Sun Y H, Ye D Q, Shan B, Tsang S C E, Tu X 2024 Chem 10 2590 Google Scholar
[36]	Fridman A 2008 Plasma Chemistry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) pp157−258
[37]	Mackus A J M, Heil S B S, Langereis E, Knoops H C M, van de Sanden M C M, Kessels W M M 2009 J. Vac. Sci. Techn. A 28 77
[38]	Reyes P G, Mendez E F, Osorio-Gonzalez D, Castillo F, Martínez H 2008 Phys. Status Solidi C 5 907 Google Scholar
[39]	Li Z, Gillon X, Diallo M, Houssiau L, Pireaux J J 2011 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 275 012020 Google Scholar
[40]	Shao T, Yang Y X, Tu X, Murphy A B 2025 Fundament. Res. in Press
[41]	Gallon H J, Kim H H, Tu X, Whitehead J C 2011 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 39 2176 Google Scholar
[42]	Van Laer K, Bogaerts A 2017 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 26 085007 Google Scholar
[43]	Hagelaar G J M, Pitchford L C 2005 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 14 722 Google Scholar
[44]	IST-Lisbon database, www. lxcat. net 2025-06-12
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[47]	Ning W J, Shang H, Li Y J, Wen X, Shen S K, Huang X L, Jia S L 2025 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 34 095001 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 等离子体火星CO₂转化系统示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the plasma-based Mars CO₂ conversion system.

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图 2 介质阻挡放电的典型李萨如图形

Figure 2. Typical Q-U Lissajous figure of the DBD.

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图 3 不同填充状态下的CO₂放电波形图　(a) 空管; (b) 填充SiO₂; (c) 填充Al₂O₃

Figure 3. The electrical signals of different filling states: (a) Plasma only; (b) packed with SiO₂; (c) packed with Al₂O₃.

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图 4 填充Al₂O₃情况下的CO₂介质阻挡放电发射光谱图

Figure 4. Emission spectrum of CO₂ DBD packed with Al₂O₃.

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图 5 不同填充状态下放电功率对(a) CO₂ (391 nm)和(b) O₂ (386 nm)谱线相对强度的影响

Figure 5. Effect of discharge power on the relative intensities of (a) CO₂ (391 nm) and (b) O₂ (386 nm) using different packing materials.

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图 6 不同填充状态下放电功率对约化场强的影响

Figure 6. The reduced electric field as a function of discharge power using different packing materials.

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图 7 不同工况下约化场强对平均电子能量的影响(彩色区域表示本研究中的约化场强范围)

Figure 7. Calculated mean electron energy as a function of the reduced electric field (the coloured area illustrates the range of the reduced electric field in this study).

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图 8 不同工况下放电功率对平均电子能量的影响

Figure 8. Calculated mean electron energy as a function of discharge power.

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图 9 平均电子能量对不同CO₂反应路径的反应速率常数的影响(彩色区域表示本研究中的平均电子能量范围)

Figure 9. The rate coefficients of different CO₂ reaction channels as a function of the mean electron energy (the coloured area illustrates the range of the mean electron energy in this study).

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图 10 不同填充状态下放电功率对(a)二氧化碳转化率, (b)制氧速率和(c)反应能耗的影响

Figure 10. The effect of discharge power under different filling states: (a) CO₂ conversion; (b) O₂ production rate; (c) energy consumption.

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图 A1 在(a)空管, (b)填充SiO₂, (c)填充Al₂O₃的工况下放电功率对部分激发态特征谱线相对强度的影响

Figure A1. Effect of discharge power on the relative intensities of excited species using different packing materials: (a) Plasma only; (b) SiO₂; (c) Al₂O₃.

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表 1 不同填充状态下放电功率对平均电场强度的影响

Table 1. Effect of packing materials on the average electric field at different discharge powers.

放电功率/W	平均电场强度/(kV·cm^–1)
放电功率/W	空管	SiO₂	Al₂O₃
10	1.32	1.40	1.55
12.5	1.46	1.48	1.72
15	1.53	1.61	1.79
17.5	1.68	1.74	1.95
20	1.82	1.88	2.11

DownLoad: CSV

表 A1 数值模拟中的二氧化碳活性粒子的种类及参数

Table A1. Types and parameters of carbon dioxide reactive species in numerical simulations.

活性粒子种类	物理意义描述	能量/eV
振动激发态	CO₂ (0 1 0)	0.083
	CO₂ (0 2 0)	0.167
	CO₂ (1 0 0)	0.167
	CO₂ (0 3 0) + (1 1 0)	0.252
	CO₂ (0 0 1)	0.291
	CO₂ (0 4 0) + (1 2 0) + (0 1 1)	0.339
	CO₂ (2 0 0)	0.339
	CO₂ (0 5 0) + (2 1 0) + (1 3 0) + (0 2 1) + (1 0 1)	0.422
	CO₂ (3 0 0)	0.5
	CO₂ (0 6 0) + (2 2 0) + (1 4 0)	0.505
	CO₂ (0 n 0) + (n 0 0)	2.5
电子式激发态	CO₂ (e1)	7.0
电子式激发态	CO₂ (e2)	10.5
离子	CO₂⁺	13.8

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	于登云, 孙泽洲, 孟林智, 石东 2016 深空探测学报 3 108 Yu D Y, Sun Z Z, Meng L Z, Shi D 2016 J. Deep Space Explor. 3 108
[2]	孙泽洲, 饶炜, 贾阳, 王闯, 董捷, 陈百超 2021 空间控制技术与应用 47 9 Sun Z Z, Rao Y, Jia Y, Wang C, Dong J, Chen B C 2021 Aerospace Control Appl. 47 9
[3]	Sanders G B, Paz A, Oryshchyn L, Araghi K, Muscatello A, Linne D L, Kleinhenz J E, Peters T 2015 AIAA SPACE 2015 Conference and Exposition (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
[4]	Starr S O, Muscatello A C 2020 Planet. Space Sci. 182 104824 Google Scholar
[5]	Zhu H W, Tan S H, Lan C T, Liu D W, Lu X P 2025 ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 13 8406 Google Scholar
[6]	Hecht M, Hoffman J, Rapp D, McClean J, SooHoo J, Schaefer R, Aboobaker A, Mellstrom J, Hartvigsen J, Meyen F, Hinterman E, Voecks G, Liu A, Nasr M, Lewis J, Johnson J, Guernsey C, Swoboda J, Eckert C, Alcalde C, Poirier M, Khopkar P, Elangovan S, Madsen M, Smith P, Graves C, Sanders G, Araghi K, de la Torre Juarez M, Larsen D, Agui J, Burns A, Lackner K, Nielsen R, Pike T, Tata B, Wilson K, Brown T, Disarro T, Morris R, Schaefer R, Steinkraus R, Surampudi R, Werne T, Ponce A 2021 Space Sci. Rev. 217 9 Google Scholar
[7]	Guerra V, Silva T, Pinhão N, Guaitella O, Guerra-Garcia C, Peeters F J J, Tsampas M N, van de Sanden M C M 2022 J. Appl. Phys. 132 070902 Google Scholar
[8]	Engeling K W, Gott R P 2023 IEEE Tran. Plasma Sci. 51 1568 Google Scholar
[9]	Liu Y, Silva T, Dias T C, Viegas P, Zhao X, Du Y, He J, Guerra V 2025 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 34 035003 Google Scholar
[10]	张泰恒, 王绪成, 张远涛 2021 物理学报 70 215201 Google Scholar Zhang T H, Wang X C, Zhang Y T 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 215201 Google Scholar
[11]	Guerra V, Silva T, Ogloblina P, Grofulović M, Terraz L, Silva M L d, Pintassilgo C D, Alves L L, Guaitella O 2017 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 26 11LT01 Google Scholar
[12]	Ogloblina P, Morillo-Candas A S, Silva A F, Silva T, Tejero-del-Caz A, Alves L L, Guaitella O, Guerra V 2021 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 30 065005 Google Scholar
[13]	Qian M, Yan F, Zhang P, Li B, Wu Z 2024 Solar Syst. Res. 58 419 Google Scholar
[14]	Kelly S, Verheyen C, Cowley A, Bogaerts A 2022 Chem 8 2797 Google Scholar
[15]	Kelly S, Mercer E, Gorbanev Y, Fedirchyk I, Verheyen C, Werner K, Pullumbi P, Cowley A, Bogaerts A 2024 J. CO₂ Util. 80 102668
[16]	Wang X C, Gao S H, Zhang Y T 2023 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 51 49 Google Scholar
[17]	O’Modhrain C, Trenchev G, Gorbanev Y, Bogaerts A 2024 ACS Eng. Au 4 333
[18]	付强, 叶子凡, 王语菲, 常正实 2023 石油学报(石油加工) 39 1003 Fu Q, Ye Z F, Wang Y F, Chang Z S 2023 Acta Petrolei Sin. (Petroleum Processing Section) 39 1003
[19]	Fu Q, Wang Y, Chang Z 2023 Journal of CO₂ Utilization 70 102430
[20]	Fu Q, Ye Z, Guo H, Duan Z, Luo J, Chang Z 2024 Plasma Process. Polym. 21 e2400085 Google Scholar
[21]	付强, 王聪, 王语菲, 常正实 2022 物理学报 71 115204 Google Scholar Fu Q, Wang C, Wang Y F, Chang Z S 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 115204 Google Scholar
[22]	Wang X C, Bai J X, Zhang T H, Sun Y, Zhang Y T 2022 Vacuum 203 111200 Google Scholar
[23]	Bogaerts A, Tu X, Whitehead J C, Centi G, Lefferts L, Guaitella O, Azzolina-Jury F, Kim H-H, Murphy A B, Schneider W F, Nozaki T, Hicks J C, Rousseau A, Thevenet F, Khacef A, Carreon M 2020 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 53 443001 Google Scholar
[24]	Ashford B, Wang Y L, Poh C K, Chen L W, Tu X 2020 Appl. Catal. B: Environ. Energy 276 119110 Google Scholar
[25]	Mei D H, Zhu X B, Wu C F, Ashford B, Williams P T, Tu X 2016 Appl. Catal. B: Environ. Energy 182 525 Google Scholar
[26]	Francke K P, Rudolph R, Miessner H 2003 Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 23 47 Google Scholar
[27]	Zoran F, John J C 1997 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30 817 Google Scholar
[28]	Xu S, Khalaf P I, Martin P A, Whitehead J C 2018 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 27 075009 Google Scholar
[29]	Mei D H, Zhu X B, He Y L, Yan J D, Tu X 2015 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 24 015011
[30]	Wang Y L, Craven M, Yu X T, Ding J, Bryant P, Huang J, Tu X 2019 ACS Catal. 9 10780 Google Scholar
[31]	Ma Y C, Wang Y L, Harding J, Tu X 2021 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 30 105002 Google Scholar
[32]	李雪辰, 贾鹏英, 刘志辉, 李立春, 董丽芳 2008 物理学报 57 1001 Google Scholar Li X C, Jia P Y, Liu Z H, Li L C, Dong L F 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1001 Google Scholar
[33]	Tu X, Gallon H J, Twigg M V, Gorry P A, Whitehead J C 2011 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 44 274007 Google Scholar
[34]	Reyes P, Gomez A, Vergara J, Martínez H, Torres C 2017 Rev. Mex. Fis. 63 363
[35]	Wang Y L, Yang J Q, Sun Y H, Ye D Q, Shan B, Tsang S C E, Tu X 2024 Chem 10 2590 Google Scholar
[36]	Fridman A 2008 Plasma Chemistry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) pp157−258
[37]	Mackus A J M, Heil S B S, Langereis E, Knoops H C M, van de Sanden M C M, Kessels W M M 2009 J. Vac. Sci. Techn. A 28 77
[38]	Reyes P G, Mendez E F, Osorio-Gonzalez D, Castillo F, Martínez H 2008 Phys. Status Solidi C 5 907 Google Scholar
[39]	Li Z, Gillon X, Diallo M, Houssiau L, Pireaux J J 2011 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 275 012020 Google Scholar
[40]	Shao T, Yang Y X, Tu X, Murphy A B 2025 Fundament. Res. in Press
[41]	Gallon H J, Kim H H, Tu X, Whitehead J C 2011 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 39 2176 Google Scholar
[42]	Van Laer K, Bogaerts A 2017 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 26 085007 Google Scholar
[43]	Hagelaar G J M, Pitchford L C 2005 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 14 722 Google Scholar
[44]	IST-Lisbon database, www. lxcat. net 2025-06-12
[45]	Wang X C, Ai F, Zhang Y T 2024 Phys. Plasmas 31 013504 Google Scholar
[46]	Wang X C, Li W K, Zhang Y T 2024 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 52 1631 Google Scholar
[47]	Ning W J, Shang H, Li Y J, Wen X, Shen S K, Huang X L, Jia S L 2025 Plasma Sources Sci. Techn. 34 095001 Google Scholar

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[16]	Wang Yan-Hui, Wang De-Zhen. Characteristics of dielectric barrier homogenous discharge at atmospheric pressure in nitrogen. Acta Physica Sinica, 2006, 55(11): 5923-5929. doi: 10.7498/aps.55.5923
[17]	Ouyang Ji-Ting, He Feng, Miao Jin-Song, Feng Shuo. Study of characteristics of coplanar dielectric barrier discharge. Acta Physica Sinica, 2006, 55(11): 5969-5974. doi: 10.7498/aps.55.5969
[18]	Wang Yan-Hui, Wang De-Zhen. Study on homogeneous multiple-pulse barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(3): 1295-1300. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.1295
[19]	Zhang Yuan-Tao, Wang De-Zhen, Wang Yan-Hui. Numerical simulation of filamentary discharge controlled by dielectric barrier at atmospheric pressure. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(10): 4808-4815. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.4808
[20]	Dong Li-Fang, Li Xue-Chen, Yin Zeng-Qian, Wang Long. . Acta Physica Sinica, 2002, 51(10): 2296-2301. doi: 10.7498/aps.51.2296

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Vol. 74, Issue 23 - 2025-12-05

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Discharge characteristics of Martian CO₂ in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor

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Discharge characteristics of Martian CO2 in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor

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Discharge characteristics of Martian CO₂ in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor