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超重原子核的合成是当前核物理领域的前沿问题。反应体系的选取和最佳入射能量的确定 对超重核的实验合成至关重要。利用稳定弹核能够合成的超重核非常有限，而放射性弹核熔合 蒸发反应有望成为合成超重核的新途径，有必要对这类反应进行全面、深入的探索。本工作基 于双核模型，开展放射性弹核熔合蒸发反应系统研究。根据合成 Z = 104–122 超重元素同位 素的 4969 个反应体系的计算结果，建立了超重核合成截面数据集。数据集包含这些反应体系 2 到 5 中子蒸发道合成的超重核素、最佳入射能和最大蒸发剩余截面。这一数据集可为实验合 成超重新核素乃至超重新元素提供关键支撑，具有较大应用价值。本工作深入探讨了计算结果 中蕴含的系统性规律。结果表明，众多反应体系的合成截面差异甚大，复合体系的内熔合位垒 和复合核的裂变位垒，是影响反应体系截面的重要因素。本文数据集可通过访问科学数据银行 http://www.doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.27854 获取(审稿阶段请通过私有访问链接查看本文数据 集 https://www.scidb.cn/s/bimY7j)。The synthesis of superheavy nuclei (SHN) is a leading research frontier in nuclear physics today. In the experiments for synthesizing SHN via fusion-evaporation reactions, the appropriate choice of projectile-target combination and determination of the optimal incident energy are crucial. The number of SHN that can be synthesized with stable projectiles is very small. The fusion-evaporation reaction with radioactive projectile is one of the promising ways for SHN synthesis and it is of great significance to investigate this kind of reactions deeply. In this work a systematic study has been carried out on the fusion-evaporation reactions with radioactive projectiles. The capture cross section is calculated with the empirical coupled channel model, the fusion probability is computed by the dinuclear system model with a dynamical potential energy surface (DNS-DyPES model) and the survival probability is determined through the statistical model.
In the systematic study, 11 actinide isotopes with $Z=90$--100 are used as targets which are $^{232}$Th, $^{231}$Pa, $^{238}$U, $^{237}$Np, $^{244}$Pu, $^{243}$Am, $^{248}$Cm, $^{249}$Bk, $^{251}$Cf, $^{254}$Es and $^{257}$Fm. Projectiles are isotopes between proton and neutron drip lines for elements $Z=4$--32 and most of these projectiles are radioactive. By combining these projectiles and targets, 4969 reaction systems are proposed for synthesizing isotopes of superheavy elements Z=104-122. Through large-scale calculations, the excitation functions for $2n$--$5n$ evaporation channels of each reaction system are obtained. With the results of these reaction systems, we establish a synthesis cross section dataset for superheavy nuclei. For each reaction system, the dataset includes the identities of the synthesized SHN, the optimal incident energies and the maximal evaporation residue cross sections in $2n$-$5n$ evaporation channels. This dataset may serve as a theoretical support for synthesizing new superheavy nuclides and elements.
Additionally, taking the reactions with $^{232}$Th target as examples, we discuss systematic trends in the results and explore the underlying SHN synthesis mechanism. The synthesis cross sections of these reactions, shown in Fig. 1, are in vastly differences. We find that inner fusion barrier of the compound system formed after the projectile touches the target and fission barrier of the compound nucleus are key factors that influence the synthesis cross section. Qualitatively, the projectile-target combinations with relatively large synthesis cross sections are featured by a lower inner fusion barrier in the compound system formed upon contact which favors fusion and a higher fission barrier in the compound nucleus which enhances survival probability. These conclusions may provide valuable references for the theoretical research related to superheavy nuclei synthesis. The dataset presented in this paper are available at the Science Data Bank at http://www.doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.27854 (Please use the private access link https://www.scidb.cn/s/bimY7j to access the dataset during the peer review process).-
Keywords:
- Superheavy nuclei /
- Heavy-ion fusion-evaporation reactions /
- Radioactive beams /
- Dinuclear system models
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