平面相控阵超大角度扫描的阵因子分析

胡昌海; 王任; 陈传升; 王秉中

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20201850

摘要

目前学者们普遍认为, 平面相控阵的方向性系数在扫描过程中按照余弦规律变化, 无法实现从侧射到端射的大角度范围波束扫描. 为了明晰面阵扫描方向图的变化规律, 本文从阵因子的严格公式出发, 分析了不同规模平面相控阵的方向性系数随扫描角度的变化, 并将由严格阵因子公式得到的方向性系数变化趋势与余弦规律进行了比较. 分析表明, 有限大面阵的方向性系数在近端射区域不满足余弦变化规律, 且在端射区域不为零. 基于上述结论, 本文进一步提出了采用单元方向图赋形弥补阵因子方向性系数变化的思路, 为平面相控阵实现超大角度范围波束扫描指明了方向.

关键词:

Abstract

At present, researchers generally believe that the change of maximum directivity of planar phased arrays in beam scanning process conforms with the cosine law, so that the wide-range beam scanning from broadside to end-fire is impossible to realize. There are three main factors that affect the scanning range of the planar phased array antenna: 1) array factor; 2) element pattern; 3) port impedance matching. Scholars have done a lot of researches on the element pattern and the port impedance matching. About the array factor, Elliott, a famous phased array scholar, made a theoretical study on the directivity of the linear array and the planar array in 1963 and 1964, concluding that the variation of directivity of planar phased array conforms with the cosine law. However, the above conclusion came from an approximate formula under certain conditions: 1) the element pattern in the half-space is omnidirectional; 2) the beam of a large array is narrow enough; 3) the beam cannot scan a range of several beamwidths close to end-fire. To make clear the scanning beam’s change law of planar arrays, the law of directivity changing with scanning angle of linear array and planar phased array with different sizes are analyzed by using the strict formula of array factor, and the directivity’s change law derived from strict formula of array factor is compared with the cosine law. The results show that 1) the variation law of the directivity of a linear array depends on the spacing between elements. When the spacing between elements is equal to half a wavelength, the directivity of the array does not change with the scanning angle. When the spacing between elements is less than half a wavelength, the directivity of the array increases with scanning angle increasing. 2) The directivity of a finite array decreases with scanning angle increasing. However, the scanning beam’s maximum directivity of a finite planar phased array does not satisfy the cosine law and it is not zero in the end-fire range. Based on the above conclusions, the idea that the change of array factor’s directivity is compensated for by element beamforming is further proposed, which points out a direction for realizing the ultra-wide-angle-range beam scanning of planar phased arrays.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

电子科技大学应用物理研究所, 成都　611731

通信作者: 王秉中, bzwang@uestc.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 61901086)、博士后创新人才支持计划(批准号: BX20180057)、中国博士后科学基金(批准号: 2018M640907)和中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(批准号: ZYGX2019J101, ZYGX2019Z016)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

Institute of Applied Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.

Corresponding author: Wang Bing-Zhong, bzwang@uestc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61901086), the Postdoctoral Innovation Talents Support Program of China (Grant No. BX20180057), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2018M640907), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. ZYGX2019J101, ZYGX2019Z016)

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参考文献

[1]	Kmetzo J 1967 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 15 367 Google Scholar
[2]	Valavan S E, Tran D, Yarovoy A G, Roederer A G 2014 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 62 5370 Google Scholar
[3]	Toshev A G 2008 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 56 3330 Google Scholar
[4]	Bai Y Y, Xiao S Q, Tang M C, Ding Z F, Wang B Z 2011 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 59 4071 Google Scholar
[5]	杨浩楠, 曹祥玉, 高军, 杨欢欢, 李桐 2021 物理学报 70 014101 Google Scholar Yang H N, Cao X Y, Gao J, Yang H H, Li T 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 014101 Google Scholar
[6]	郑月军, 高军, 曹祥玉, 郑秋容, 李思佳, 李文强, 杨群 2014 物理学报 63 224102 Google Scholar Zheng Y J, Gao J, Cao X Y, Zheng Q R, Li S J, Li W Q, Yang Q 2014 Acta Phys. Sin 63 224102 Google Scholar
[7]	Zhang Y, Liu H, Meng C 2020 Prog. Electromagn. Res. 168 31 Google Scholar
[8]	Ouedraogo S, Hinostroza Saenz I D, Guinvarc'h R 2019 Prog. Electromagn. Res. 164 17 Google Scholar
[9]	Ding X, Wang B Z, He G Q 2013 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 61 5319 Google Scholar
[10]	Cheng Y F, Ding X, Shao W, Wang B Z 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65 932 Google Scholar
[11]	Wang R, Wang B Z, Ding X, Yang X S 2015 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63 3908 Google Scholar
[12]	Wang R, Wang B Z, Hu C H, Gong C, Ding X 2016 Prog. Electromag. Res. 156 13 Google Scholar
[13]	Wen Y, Wang B Z, Ding X 2016 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 64 805 Google Scholar
[14]	Wang R, Wang B Z, Hu C H, Ding X 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 2729 Google Scholar
[15]	Xia R L, Qu S W, Li P F, Yang D Q, Yang S W, Nie Z P 2015 IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 63 5161 Google Scholar
[16]	Abbasi Arand B, Bazrkar A, Zahedi A 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 65 2983 Google Scholar
[17]	Oliveri G, Viani F, Anselmi N, Massa A 2015 IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 63 2482 Google Scholar
[18]	Hu C H, Wang B Z, Wang R, Xiao S Q, Ding X 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 68 2788 Google Scholar
[19]	Yetisir E, Ghalichechian N, Volakis J L 2016 IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 64 4256 Google Scholar
[20]	Elliott R S 1963 Beamwidth and Directivity of Large Scanning Arrays: Part I [J] Microwave J. Vol. 6 pp53–60
[21]	Elliott R S 1964 Beamwidth and Directivity of Large Scanning Arrays: Part II [J] Microwave J. Vol. 7 pp74–82
[22]	Jiang Z, Xiao S, Yao Z, Wang B Z 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 68 7348 Google Scholar
[23]	Keda U V 2020 IEEE 12th International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques (ICATT) Macau, China, November 23–25, 2020 p76

施引文献

图 1 N元直线阵示意图

Fig. 1. An N-elements linear array.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 一维阵因子在不同阵元间距扫描时的归一化方向性系数随扫描角度的变化　(a) 一维阵列尺寸为8λ; (b) 一维阵列尺寸为16λ; (c) 一维阵列尺寸为32λ; (d) 一维阵列尺寸为64λ

Fig. 2. Normalized directivity of the linear array factor varies with different element spaces and different scanning angles: (a) The size of the linear array factor is 8λ; (b) the size of the linear array factor is 16λ; (c) the size of the linear array factor is 32λ; (d) the size of the linear array factor is 64λ.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 平面阵列示意图

Fig. 3. A planar array.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 平面阵阵因子归一化最大方向性系数随扫描角度的变化情况(φ = 0°)　(a) 8λ × 8λ阵列; (b) 16λ × 16λ阵列; (c) 32λ × 32λ阵列; (d) 64λ × 64λ阵列; (e) 128λ × 128λ阵列; (f) 256λ × 256λ阵列

Fig. 4. Normalized directivity of the planar array factor varies with different element spaces and different scanning angles (φ = 0°): (a) The size of the planar array factor is 8λ × 8λ; (b) the size of the planar array factor is 16λ × 16λ; (c) the size of the planar array factor is 32λ × 32λ; (d) the size of the planar array factor is 64λ × 64λ; (e) the size of the planar array factor is 128λ × 128λ; (f) the size of the planar array factor is 256λ × 256λ.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 平面阵阵因子归一化最大方向性系数在不同单元间距和不同φ值时随扫描角度的变化情况　(a) 16λ × 16λ阵列(d = 0.5λ); (b) 32λ × 32λ阵列(d = 0.5λ); (c) 16λ × 16λ阵列(d = 0.4λ); (d) 32λ × 32λ阵列(d = 0.4λ)

Fig. 5. Normalized directivity of the planar array factor varies with different element spaces, different scanning angles, and different φ: (a) The size of the planar array factor is 16λ × 16λ (d = 0.5λ); (b) the size of the planar array factor is 32λ × 32λ (d = 0.5λ); (c) the size of the planar array factor is 16λ × 16λ (d = 0.4λ); (d) the size of the planar array factor is 32λ × 32λ (d = 0.4λ).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	Kmetzo J 1967 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 15 367 Google Scholar
[2]	Valavan S E, Tran D, Yarovoy A G, Roederer A G 2014 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 62 5370 Google Scholar
[3]	Toshev A G 2008 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 56 3330 Google Scholar
[4]	Bai Y Y, Xiao S Q, Tang M C, Ding Z F, Wang B Z 2011 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 59 4071 Google Scholar
[5]	杨浩楠, 曹祥玉, 高军, 杨欢欢, 李桐 2021 物理学报 70 014101 Google Scholar Yang H N, Cao X Y, Gao J, Yang H H, Li T 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 014101 Google Scholar
[6]	郑月军, 高军, 曹祥玉, 郑秋容, 李思佳, 李文强, 杨群 2014 物理学报 63 224102 Google Scholar Zheng Y J, Gao J, Cao X Y, Zheng Q R, Li S J, Li W Q, Yang Q 2014 Acta Phys. Sin 63 224102 Google Scholar
[7]	Zhang Y, Liu H, Meng C 2020 Prog. Electromagn. Res. 168 31 Google Scholar
[8]	Ouedraogo S, Hinostroza Saenz I D, Guinvarc'h R 2019 Prog. Electromagn. Res. 164 17 Google Scholar
[9]	Ding X, Wang B Z, He G Q 2013 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 61 5319 Google Scholar
[10]	Cheng Y F, Ding X, Shao W, Wang B Z 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65 932 Google Scholar
[11]	Wang R, Wang B Z, Ding X, Yang X S 2015 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63 3908 Google Scholar
[12]	Wang R, Wang B Z, Hu C H, Gong C, Ding X 2016 Prog. Electromag. Res. 156 13 Google Scholar
[13]	Wen Y, Wang B Z, Ding X 2016 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 64 805 Google Scholar
[14]	Wang R, Wang B Z, Hu C H, Ding X 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 2729 Google Scholar
[15]	Xia R L, Qu S W, Li P F, Yang D Q, Yang S W, Nie Z P 2015 IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 63 5161 Google Scholar
[16]	Abbasi Arand B, Bazrkar A, Zahedi A 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 65 2983 Google Scholar
[17]	Oliveri G, Viani F, Anselmi N, Massa A 2015 IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 63 2482 Google Scholar
[18]	Hu C H, Wang B Z, Wang R, Xiao S Q, Ding X 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 68 2788 Google Scholar
[19]	Yetisir E, Ghalichechian N, Volakis J L 2016 IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 64 4256 Google Scholar
[20]	Elliott R S 1963 Beamwidth and Directivity of Large Scanning Arrays: Part I [J] Microwave J. Vol. 6 pp53–60
[21]	Elliott R S 1964 Beamwidth and Directivity of Large Scanning Arrays: Part II [J] Microwave J. Vol. 7 pp74–82
[22]	Jiang Z, Xiao S, Yao Z, Wang B Z 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 68 7348 Google Scholar
[23]	Keda U V 2020 IEEE 12th International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques (ICATT) Macau, China, November 23–25, 2020 p76

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平面相控阵超大角度扫描的阵因子分析