-
采用格子Boltzmann方法对方腔内介电相变材料的熔化过程进行数值模拟与分析, 系统研究了电场力和浮升力耦合作用下固液相变传热过程的流体流动、电荷输运以及传热等基本特征, 重点分析了电瑞利数T、斯蒂芬数
$Ste$ 、离子迁移率M和普朗特数$Pr$ 等多个无量纲参数对固液相变传热过程的影响. 研究表明, 与浮升力驱动下的固液相变情况相比, 外加电场不仅会改变方腔内流体流动结构以及相界面的演化规律, 而且还会提高介电相变材料的熔化效率, 强化固液相变传热过程. 特别地, 上述现象会随着电瑞利数T的增大愈加明显. 此外, 引入了无量纲参数$\varPhi$ , 用以表征电场强化固液相变的实际效果. 结果显示, 随着斯蒂芬数$Ste$ 的增加, 电场强化固液相变的实际效果会有所减弱, 但对于较大的电瑞利数而言, 改变斯蒂芬数$Ste$ 的实际大小并不会对电场强化固液相变的实际效果有太大影响. 最后, 发现电场强化固液相变的实际效果与离子迁移率M一般具有负相关的关系, 即随着离子迁移率M的增加, 电场强化固液相变的效果反而下降; 而受电场力和浮升力的协同影响, 普朗特数$Pr$ 对电场强化固液相变效果的影响则依赖于离子迁移率M.-
关键词:
- 固液相变 /
- 电动流体动力学 /
- 格子Boltzmann方法
Melting of the dielectric phase change material inside a closed square enclosure is numerically investigated. The fully coupled equations including Navier-Stokes equations, Poisson's equation, charge conservation equation and the energy equation are solved using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Strong charge injection from a high temperature vertical electrode is considered and the basic characteristics of fluid flow, charge transport and heat transfer in solid-liquid phase change process under the coupling of Coulomb force and buoyancy force are systematically studied. Emphasis is put on analysing the influence of multiple non-dimensional parameters, including electric Rayleigh number T, Stefan number$Ste$ , mobility number M, and Prandtl number$Pr$ on electrohydrodynamic (EHD) solid-liquid phase change. The numerical results show that comparing with the melting process driven by buoyancy force, the applied electric field will not only change the flow structure in liquid region and the evolution of the liquid-solid interface, but also increase the heat transfer efficiency of dielectric phase change material and thus enhance the solid-liquid phase change process. In particular, we find that this phenomenon becomes more pronounced when T is larger. Further, the dimensionless parameter$\varPhi$ is introduced to characterize the effect of EHD enhanced solid-liquid phase change, and the results indicate that the effect of EHD enhancement solid-liquid phase change is weakened with the increase of Stefan number$Ste$ , However the change of$Ste$ does not make much difference in EHD enhancement solid-liquid phase change for a sufficiently high electric Rayleigh number T, and it is attributed to the fully developed convection cells at a very early stage of the melting process. Moreover, it is found that the effect of EHD enhancement solid-liquid phase change is negatively related to the mobility number M and that the effect of Prandtl number$Pr$ on the EHD enhancement solid-liquid phase change largely depends on the mobility number M, which is due to the simultaneous influence of electric field force and buoyancy force. In general, the electric field has a significant influence on the melting process of dielectric phase change material, especially at high T,$Pr$ and low$Ste$ , M. And quantitatively, in all tested cases, a maximum melting time saves about 86.6% at$T=1000$ ,$Ra=10000$ ,$M=3$ ,$Pr=20$ , and$Ste=0.1$ .[1] Luo X, Wang J H, Dooner M, Clarke J 2015 Appl. Energy 137 511
Google Scholar
[2] Chen H S, Cong T N, Yang W, Tan C Q, Li Y L, Ding Y L 2009 Prog. Nat. Sci. 19 291
Google Scholar
[3] 霍宇涛 2018 博士学位论文 (徐州: 中国矿业大学)
Huo Y T 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology) (in Chinese)
[4] Ren Q L, Meng F L, Guo P H 2018 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 121 1214
Google Scholar
[5] 赵耀 2018 博士学位论文 (上海: 上海交通大学)
Zhao Y 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University) (in Chinese)
[6] Sharma A, Tyagi V V, Chen C R, Buddhi D 2009 Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 13 318
Google Scholar
[7] Agyenim F, Hewitt N, Eames P, Smyth M 2010 Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 14 615
Google Scholar
[8] Ren Q L 2019 Energy Convers. Manage. 180 784
Google Scholar
[9] Stritih U 2004 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 47 2841
Google Scholar
[10] Lacroix M, Benmadda M 1997 Numer. Heat Tranfer, Part A 31 71
Google Scholar
[11] Ji C Z, Qin Z, Low Z H, Dubey S, Choo F H, Duan F 2018 Appl. Therm. Eng. 129 269
Google Scholar
[12] Khodadadi J M, Hosseinizadeh S F 2007 Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 34 534
Google Scholar
[13] Feng Y C, Li H X, Li L X, Bu L, Wang T 2015 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 81 415
Google Scholar
[14] Xiao X, Zhang P, Li M 2014 Int. J. Therm. Sci. 81 94
Google Scholar
[15] 张涛, 余建祖 2007 制冷学报 6 13
Google Scholar
Zhang T, Yu J Z 2007 J. Refrigeration 6 13
Google Scholar
[16] Fan L W, Zhu Z Q, Zeng Y, Ding Q, Liu M J 2016 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 95 1057
Google Scholar
[17] Fan L W, Zhu Z Q, Liu M J, Xu C L, Zeng Y, Lu H, Tao Y Z 2016 J. Heat Transfer-Trans. ASME 138 122402
Google Scholar
[18] Oh Y K, Park S H, Cha K O 2001 KSME Int. J. 15 1882
Google Scholar
[19] Oh Y K, Park S H, Cho Y I 2002 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 4631
Google Scholar
[20] Nakhla D, Sadek H, Cotton J S 2015 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 81 695
Google Scholar
[21] Rashidi S, Bafekr H, Masoodi R, Languri M E 2017 J. Electrostat. 8 1
Google Scholar
[22] Atten P, Mc Cluskey F, Pérez A 1988 IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation 23 659
Google Scholar
[23] Traoré P, Pérez A T, Koulova D, Romat H 2010 J. Fluid Mech. 658 279
Google Scholar
[24] Wu J, Traoré P, Zhang M, Pérez A T, Vázquez P A 2016 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 92 139
Google Scholar
[25] 陈凤, 彭耀, 宋耀祖, 陈民 2007 工程热物理学报 4 679
Google Scholar
Chen F, Peng Y, Song Y Z, Chen M 2007 J. Eng. Therm. 4 679
Google Scholar
[26] Gao M, Cheng P, Quan X 2013 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 67 984
Google Scholar
[27] Sadek H, Ching C Y, Cotton J 2010 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 53 3721
Google Scholar
[28] 陈春天, 杨嘉祥, 张颖, 李静 2004 工程热物理学报 2 284
Google Scholar
Chen C T, Yang J X, Zhang Y, Li J 2004 J. Eng. Therm. 2 284
Google Scholar
[29] 李典, 王太, 陈烁, 谢英柏, 刘春涛 2020 工程热物理学报 41 2752
Li D, Wang T, Chen L, Xie Y B, Liu C T 2020 J. Eng. Therm. 41 2752
[30] 危卫, 张云伟, 顾兆林 2013 科学通报 58 197
Google Scholar
Wei W, Zhang Y W, Gu Z L 2013 Chin. Sci. Bull. 58 197
Google Scholar
[31] Nakhla D, Thompson E, Lacroix B, Cotton J S 2018 J. Electrostat. 92 31
Google Scholar
[32] Luo K, Pérez A T, Wu J, Yi H L, Tan H P 2019 Phys. Rev. E 100 013306
Google Scholar
[33] 卢才磊 2020 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学)
Lu C L 2020 M. D. Thesis (Haerbin: Harbin Institute of Technology) (in Chinese)
[34] Selvakumar R D, Liu Q, Luo K, Traoré P, Wu J 2021 Int. J. Multiphase Flow 136 103550
Google Scholar
[35] Nakhla D, Cotton J S 2021 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 167 120828
Google Scholar
[36] Luo K, Wu J, Pérez A T, Yi H L, Tan H P 2019 Phys. Rev. Fluids 4 083702
Google Scholar
[37] Huang R Z, Wu H Y 2015 J. Comput. Phys. 294 346
Google Scholar
[38] 罗康 2017 博士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学)
Luo K 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Haerbin: Harbin Institute of Technology) (in Chinese)
[39] Chen S, Doolen G D 1998 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 30 329
Google Scholar
[40] Wang L, Zhao Y, Yang X G, Shi B C, Chai Z H 2019 Appl. Math. Model. 71 31
Google Scholar
[41] 黄昌盛, 张文欢, 侯志敏, 陈俊辉, 李明晶, 何南忠, 施保昌 2011 科学通报 56 2434
Google Scholar
Huang C S, Zhang W H, Hou Z M, Chen J H, Li M J, He N Z, Shi B C 2011 Chin. Sci. Bull. 56 2434
Google Scholar
[42] 李洋, 苏婷, 梁宏, 徐江荣 2018 物理学报 67 224701
Google Scholar
Li Y, Su T, Liang H, Xu J R 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 224701
Google Scholar
[43] 梁宏 2015 博士学位论文 (武汉: 华中科技大学)
Liang H 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)
[44] 李庆, 余悦, 唐诗 2020 科学通报 65 1677
Google Scholar
Li Q, Yu Y, Tang S 2020 Chin. Sci. Bull. 65 1677
Google Scholar
[45] 朱炼华, 郭照立 2015 计算物理 32 20
Google Scholar
Zhu L H, Guo Z L 2015 Chin. J. Comput. Phys. 32 20
Google Scholar
[46] 刘高洁, 郭照立, 施保昌 2016 物理学报 65 014702
Google Scholar
Liu G J, Guo Z L, Shi B C 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 014702
Google Scholar
[47] 吴健, 张蒙齐, 田方宝 2018 力学学报 50 1458
Google Scholar
Wu J, Zhang M Q, Tian F B 2018 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 50 1458
Google Scholar
[48] Luo K, Wu J, Yi H L, Tan H P 2016 Phys. Rev. E 93 023309
Google Scholar
[49] Wang L, Wei Z C, Li T F, Chai Z H, Shi B C 2021 Appl. Math. Model 95 361
Google Scholar
[50] Guo Z L, Shi B C, Wang N C 2000 J. Comput. Phys. 165 288
Google Scholar
[51] Guo Z L, Zheng C G, Shi B C 2002 Phys. Rev. E 65 046308
Google Scholar
[52] Chai Z H, Shi B C 2008 Appl. Math. Model. 32 2050
Google Scholar
[53] Lu J H, Lei H Y, Dai C S 2019 Int. J. Therm. Sci. 135 17
Google Scholar
[54] Huang R Z, Wu H Y 2016 J. Comput. Phys. 315 65
Google Scholar
[55] Guo Z L, Zheng C G, Shi B C 2002 Phys. Fluids 14 2007
Google Scholar
[56] Huang R Z, Wu H Y, Cheng P 2013 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 59 295
Google Scholar
-
图 4 PCM熔化过程中(a)液体体积分数
$f_{\rm l}$ 和(b)液相最大速度$V_{\rm max}$ 随时间的变化趋势. 图中点A, B, C和D分别对应时刻$Fo=0.63$ ,$1.90$ ,$2.90$ 和$4.16$ Fig. 4. Time evolutions of (a) the liquid fraction and (b) the maximum fluid velocity. Points A, B, C and D correspond to the dimensionless time
$Fo=0.36$ ,$1.90$ ,$2.90$ and$4.16$ , respectively.
图 5 电场力驱动下PCM熔化到不同时刻电荷密度、流场以及相界面分布(上)和浮升力驱动下PCM熔化到不同时刻温度、流场以及相界面分布(下) (a)
$Fo=0.63$ ; (b)$Fo=1.90$ ; (c)$Fo=2.90$ ; (d)$Fo=4.16$ Fig. 5. Distributions of charge density (temperature), fluid field and liquid-solid interface of PCM at four representative time of (a)
$Fo=0.63$ , (b)$Fo=1.90$ , (c)$Fo=2.90$ and (d)$Fo=4.16$ in presence of electric field force (top) and buoyancy force (bottom)
图 6 不同电瑞利数T下液体体积分数
$f_{\rm l}$ 随时间的变化曲线Fig. 6. Time evolutions of the liquid fraction
$f_{\rm l}$ for different electric Rayleigh numbers T.
图 7 不同电瑞利数下
$Fo=1.9$ 时电荷密度(上)、温度(中)以及流场(下)分布: (a)$T=0$ ; (b)$T=400$ ; (c)$T=800$ ; (d)$T=1600$ ; (e)$T=2400$ Fig. 7. Distribution of the charge density (top), temperature (middle) and streamlines (bottom) at
$Fo=1.9$ under different electrical Rayleigh numbers: (a)$T=0$ ; (b)$T=400$ ; (c)$T=800$ ; (d)$T=1600$ ; (e)$T=2400$ .
图 8
$Fo=1.9$ 时 (a)直线$x=1/(4\delta)$ 上速度水平分量u的分布; (b)固液界面位置Fig. 8. (a) Distributions of the horizontal velocity along line of
$x=1/(4\delta)$ and (b) the liquid-solid interface at$Fo=1.9$ 
图 9 (a)斯蒂芬数
$Ste$ 对电场加速熔化效果的影响; (b)液相最大速度$V_{\rm max}$ 随液体体积分数$f_{\rm l}$ 的变化趋势Fig. 9. (a) The effect of Stefan number
$Ste$ on the melting time saving; (b) evolutions of the maximum fluid velocity$V_{\rm max}$ versus the liquid fraction$f_{\rm l}$ .
图 10
$T=1000$ 时, 不同的斯蒂芬数下, PCM熔化到$f_{\rm l}=0.3$ ,$f_{\rm l}=0.5$ ,$f_{\rm l}=0.9$ 时电荷密度、温度以及流场分布 (a)$Ste= $ $ 0.05$ ; (b)$Ste=0.1$ Fig. 10. With
$T=1000$ , distributions of charge density, temperature field and streamlines of PCM melting at$f_{\rm l}=0.3$ ,$f_{\rm l}=0.5$ ,$f_{\rm l}=0.9$ for different Stefan number: (a)$Ste=0.05$ ; (b)$Ste=0.1$ .
图 11
$T=3200$ 时, 不同的斯蒂芬数下, PCM熔化到$f_{\rm l}=0.3$ ,$f_{\rm l}=0.5$ ,$f_{\rm l}=0.9$ 时电荷密度、温度以及流场分布 (a)$Ste= $ $ 0.05$ ; (b)$Ste=0.1$ Fig. 11. With
$T=3200$ , distributions of charge density, temperature field and streamlines of PCM melting at$f_{\rm l}=0.3$ ,$f_{\rm l}=0.5$ ,$f_{\rm l}=0.9$ for different Stefan number: (a)$Ste=0.05$ ; (b)$Ste=0.1$ .
图 12 无量纲离子迁移率M与普朗特数
$Pr$ 对电场强化相变传热效果的影响Fig. 12. The effect of M and
$Pr$ on the melting time saving. -
[1] Luo X, Wang J H, Dooner M, Clarke J 2015 Appl. Energy 137 511
Google Scholar
[2] Chen H S, Cong T N, Yang W, Tan C Q, Li Y L, Ding Y L 2009 Prog. Nat. Sci. 19 291
Google Scholar
[3] 霍宇涛 2018 博士学位论文 (徐州: 中国矿业大学)
Huo Y T 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology) (in Chinese)
[4] Ren Q L, Meng F L, Guo P H 2018 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 121 1214
Google Scholar
[5] 赵耀 2018 博士学位论文 (上海: 上海交通大学)
Zhao Y 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University) (in Chinese)
[6] Sharma A, Tyagi V V, Chen C R, Buddhi D 2009 Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 13 318
Google Scholar
[7] Agyenim F, Hewitt N, Eames P, Smyth M 2010 Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 14 615
Google Scholar
[8] Ren Q L 2019 Energy Convers. Manage. 180 784
Google Scholar
[9] Stritih U 2004 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 47 2841
Google Scholar
[10] Lacroix M, Benmadda M 1997 Numer. Heat Tranfer, Part A 31 71
Google Scholar
[11] Ji C Z, Qin Z, Low Z H, Dubey S, Choo F H, Duan F 2018 Appl. Therm. Eng. 129 269
Google Scholar
[12] Khodadadi J M, Hosseinizadeh S F 2007 Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 34 534
Google Scholar
[13] Feng Y C, Li H X, Li L X, Bu L, Wang T 2015 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 81 415
Google Scholar
[14] Xiao X, Zhang P, Li M 2014 Int. J. Therm. Sci. 81 94
Google Scholar
[15] 张涛, 余建祖 2007 制冷学报 6 13
Google Scholar
Zhang T, Yu J Z 2007 J. Refrigeration 6 13
Google Scholar
[16] Fan L W, Zhu Z Q, Zeng Y, Ding Q, Liu M J 2016 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 95 1057
Google Scholar
[17] Fan L W, Zhu Z Q, Liu M J, Xu C L, Zeng Y, Lu H, Tao Y Z 2016 J. Heat Transfer-Trans. ASME 138 122402
Google Scholar
[18] Oh Y K, Park S H, Cha K O 2001 KSME Int. J. 15 1882
Google Scholar
[19] Oh Y K, Park S H, Cho Y I 2002 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 4631
Google Scholar
[20] Nakhla D, Sadek H, Cotton J S 2015 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 81 695
Google Scholar
[21] Rashidi S, Bafekr H, Masoodi R, Languri M E 2017 J. Electrostat. 8 1
Google Scholar
[22] Atten P, Mc Cluskey F, Pérez A 1988 IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation 23 659
Google Scholar
[23] Traoré P, Pérez A T, Koulova D, Romat H 2010 J. Fluid Mech. 658 279
Google Scholar
[24] Wu J, Traoré P, Zhang M, Pérez A T, Vázquez P A 2016 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 92 139
Google Scholar
[25] 陈凤, 彭耀, 宋耀祖, 陈民 2007 工程热物理学报 4 679
Google Scholar
Chen F, Peng Y, Song Y Z, Chen M 2007 J. Eng. Therm. 4 679
Google Scholar
[26] Gao M, Cheng P, Quan X 2013 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 67 984
Google Scholar
[27] Sadek H, Ching C Y, Cotton J 2010 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 53 3721
Google Scholar
[28] 陈春天, 杨嘉祥, 张颖, 李静 2004 工程热物理学报 2 284
Google Scholar
Chen C T, Yang J X, Zhang Y, Li J 2004 J. Eng. Therm. 2 284
Google Scholar
[29] 李典, 王太, 陈烁, 谢英柏, 刘春涛 2020 工程热物理学报 41 2752
Li D, Wang T, Chen L, Xie Y B, Liu C T 2020 J. Eng. Therm. 41 2752
[30] 危卫, 张云伟, 顾兆林 2013 科学通报 58 197
Google Scholar
Wei W, Zhang Y W, Gu Z L 2013 Chin. Sci. Bull. 58 197
Google Scholar
[31] Nakhla D, Thompson E, Lacroix B, Cotton J S 2018 J. Electrostat. 92 31
Google Scholar
[32] Luo K, Pérez A T, Wu J, Yi H L, Tan H P 2019 Phys. Rev. E 100 013306
Google Scholar
[33] 卢才磊 2020 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学)
Lu C L 2020 M. D. Thesis (Haerbin: Harbin Institute of Technology) (in Chinese)
[34] Selvakumar R D, Liu Q, Luo K, Traoré P, Wu J 2021 Int. J. Multiphase Flow 136 103550
Google Scholar
[35] Nakhla D, Cotton J S 2021 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 167 120828
Google Scholar
[36] Luo K, Wu J, Pérez A T, Yi H L, Tan H P 2019 Phys. Rev. Fluids 4 083702
Google Scholar
[37] Huang R Z, Wu H Y 2015 J. Comput. Phys. 294 346
Google Scholar
[38] 罗康 2017 博士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学)
Luo K 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Haerbin: Harbin Institute of Technology) (in Chinese)
[39] Chen S, Doolen G D 1998 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 30 329
Google Scholar
[40] Wang L, Zhao Y, Yang X G, Shi B C, Chai Z H 2019 Appl. Math. Model. 71 31
Google Scholar
[41] 黄昌盛, 张文欢, 侯志敏, 陈俊辉, 李明晶, 何南忠, 施保昌 2011 科学通报 56 2434
Google Scholar
Huang C S, Zhang W H, Hou Z M, Chen J H, Li M J, He N Z, Shi B C 2011 Chin. Sci. Bull. 56 2434
Google Scholar
[42] 李洋, 苏婷, 梁宏, 徐江荣 2018 物理学报 67 224701
Google Scholar
Li Y, Su T, Liang H, Xu J R 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 224701
Google Scholar
[43] 梁宏 2015 博士学位论文 (武汉: 华中科技大学)
Liang H 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)
[44] 李庆, 余悦, 唐诗 2020 科学通报 65 1677
Google Scholar
Li Q, Yu Y, Tang S 2020 Chin. Sci. Bull. 65 1677
Google Scholar
[45] 朱炼华, 郭照立 2015 计算物理 32 20
Google Scholar
Zhu L H, Guo Z L 2015 Chin. J. Comput. Phys. 32 20
Google Scholar
[46] 刘高洁, 郭照立, 施保昌 2016 物理学报 65 014702
Google Scholar
Liu G J, Guo Z L, Shi B C 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 014702
Google Scholar
[47] 吴健, 张蒙齐, 田方宝 2018 力学学报 50 1458
Google Scholar
Wu J, Zhang M Q, Tian F B 2018 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 50 1458
Google Scholar
[48] Luo K, Wu J, Yi H L, Tan H P 2016 Phys. Rev. E 93 023309
Google Scholar
[49] Wang L, Wei Z C, Li T F, Chai Z H, Shi B C 2021 Appl. Math. Model 95 361
Google Scholar
[50] Guo Z L, Shi B C, Wang N C 2000 J. Comput. Phys. 165 288
Google Scholar
[51] Guo Z L, Zheng C G, Shi B C 2002 Phys. Rev. E 65 046308
Google Scholar
[52] Chai Z H, Shi B C 2008 Appl. Math. Model. 32 2050
Google Scholar
[53] Lu J H, Lei H Y, Dai C S 2019 Int. J. Therm. Sci. 135 17
Google Scholar
[54] Huang R Z, Wu H Y 2016 J. Comput. Phys. 315 65
Google Scholar
[55] Guo Z L, Zheng C G, Shi B C 2002 Phys. Fluids 14 2007
Google Scholar
[56] Huang R Z, Wu H Y, Cheng P 2013 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 59 295
Google Scholar
下载:
计量
- 文章访问数: 5800
- PDF下载量: 117
- 被引次数: 0
