基于双柔性电极模拟叉指图案电极的液体介电泳研究

尚修霆; 陈陶; 谌静; 徐荣青

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20231485

摘要

介电泳通过非均匀电场作用于介电液体内偶极子影响表面润湿性, 实现液滴接触角可调, 克服了电润湿效应的接触角饱和限制, 但其驱动电极需图案化处理, 难以实现实用的三维可调光学器件. 本文采用外裹绝缘介电层且互不导通的双柔性电极缠绕于平板基底形成二维平面线墙, 模拟叉指图案电极以驱动液体介电泳, 给出了“液滴-叉指平面线墙”模型的接触角与电压理论关系. 在0—250 V_rms电压范围内实验测量的接触角变化可达32°, 符合上述理论关系, 为构造液体介电泳三维可调光学器件提供了理论和实验基础.

关键词:

Abstract

Dielectrophoresis affects the surface wettability by applying a non-uniform electric field to dipoles inside dielectric liquid, achieving adjustable droplet contact angle and overcoming the saturation limitation of contact angle caused by the electrowettability effect. However, it is difficult to realize useful three-dimensional tunable optical devices because most of the driving electrodes need to be patterned. In this work, a model of double flexible electrodes simulating planar interdigitated pattern electrodes is proposed based on the dielectrophoresis. Double flexible electrodes, which are wrapped with an insulating dielectric layer and are not conductive to each other are arranged at close intervals and wound along the plane substrate to form a two-dimensional planar line wall. A hydrophobic layer is used to fill the gap and increase the initial contact angle. Ultimately, the “droplet-interdigitated planar line wall” dielectrophoresis driven-droplet model is formed after the dielectric droplets have been deposited on the line wall surface. Firstly, considering the influence of penetration depth and electrode gap area, Young’s equation is theoretically modified to adapt to this model. Then, the finite element algorithm simulation is used to used to comparatively analyze the potential distribution of this model and the planar interdigitated pattern electrode model. The field strength distributions of the electrodes with different wire diameters and insulating layer thickness values are analyzed. It can be found that with the increase of the diameter of the electrode wire and the thickness of the insulating layer, the morphology of the model changes from the tip electrode into the planar electrode, the surface field strength attenuates exponentially and the peak value decreases. This shows that the structure of this electrode in this model is superior to that of the planar electrode. After that, the contact angle of the model is measured experimentally in a range of 58°－90° under 0–250 V_rms voltage, which is in line with the theoretical expectation. At the same time, neither obvious contact angle lag nor saturation is observed in the experiment. Finally, the new electrophoretic driving droplet model constructed in this paper transforms the dielectric electrophoretic driving mode from a two-dimensional planar electrode to a one-dimensional flexible linear electrode. Because of its flexibility and plasticity, it is convenient to form a three-dimensional cavity and can be applied to more complex device structures.

Keywords:

dielectrophoresis /
simulated interdigitated patterned electrodes /
flexible electrodes /
contact angle

作者及机构信息

南京邮电大学电子与光学工程学院、柔性电子(未来技术)学院, 南京　210023

通信作者: 陈陶, chent@njupt.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11974188, 61905117)、中国博士后科学基金(批准号: 2021T140339, 2018M632345)、江苏省博士后科学基金(批准号: 2021K617C)和镇江市重点研发计划(批准号: GY2023009)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China

Corresponding author: Chen Tao, chent@njupt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11974188, 61905117), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 2021T140339, 2018M632345), the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. 2021K617C), and the Key Research and Development Program of Zhenjiang, China (Grant No. GY2023009).

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参考文献

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施引文献

图 1 基于双柔性线性电极构造的“液滴-叉指平面线墙”模型　(a)双柔性电极线墙排布; (b)疏水层涂覆; (c) “液滴-叉指平面线墙”模型

Fig. 1. The “droplet-interdigitated planar line wall” model based on double flexible linear electrodes: (a) Double flexible electrode wire wall arrangement; (b) coating hydrophobic layer; (c) the “droplet-interdigitated planar line wall” model.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 不同形状电极仿真结果　(a)柔性电极线墙; (b)平面图案叉指电极; (c)柔性电极线墙电场模仿真结果

Fig. 2. Simulation results of electrodes with different shapes: (a) Flexible electrode wire wall; (b) planar pattern interdigitated electrodes; (c) simulation results of electric field mode of flexible electrode wire wall.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 电极表面0—0.5 mm处电场模　(a) 不同线径下电极表面电场模; (b) 不同绝缘层厚度下电极表面电场模

Fig. 3. Electric field modes at 0–0.5 mm height on the electrode surface: (a) Electrode surface electric field modes with different wire diameters; (b) electrode surface electric field modes with different insulating layer thickness.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 液滴形貌变化示意图　(a), (b)分别为初始状态及250 V_rms电压下液滴俯视图; (c), (d)分别为电压升高和下降时液滴侧视形貌

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of droplet morphology changes: (a), (b) Vertical view of droplet in initial state and 250 V_rms voltage respectively; (c), (d) side view of droplet during voltage rise and fall.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 液滴接触角及余弦差值关系图　(a)液滴前进及后退接触角与理论接触角对比; (b)接触角余弦差值拟合

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of droplet contact angle and cosine difference diagram: (a) The comparison between the forward and backward contact angle of the droplet and the theoretical contact angle; (b) the fitting of the contact angle cosine difference.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	McHale G, Brown, C V, Newton M I, Wells G G, Sampara N 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 186101 Google Scholar
[2]	Huhtamäki T, Tian X, Korhonen J T, Ras R H 2018 Nat. Protoc. 13 1521 Google Scholar
[3]	Armstrong S, McHale G, Ledesma-Aguilar R, Wells G G 2020 Langmuir 36 11332 Google Scholar
[4]	Kedzierski J, Holihan E 2018 Sci. Robot 3 eaat5643 Google Scholar
[5]	Renaudot R, Daunay B, Kumemura M, Agache V, Jalabert L, Collard D, Fujita H 2013 Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 177 620 Google Scholar
[6]	Quinn A, Sedev R, Ralston J 2005 J. Phys. Chem. B 109 6268 Google Scholar
[7]	Frozanpoor I, Cooke M D, Ambukan V, Gallant A J, Balocco C 2021 Langmuir 37 6414 Google Scholar
[8]	Mahani M A, Karimvand A N, Naserifar N 2023 J. Sep. Sci. 46 2300257 Google Scholar
[9]	Jiang L X, Liang F, Huo M X, Ju M Q, Xu J, Ju S, Xu J J, Ju S W, Jin L H, Shen B J 2023 Microelectron. Eng. 282 112100 Google Scholar
[10]	Huang K, Lu B, Lai J, Chu H K H 2019 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 13 1063 Google Scholar
[11]	Xu S, Ren H, Wu S T 2013 J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 46 483001 Google Scholar
[12]	Xu S, Lin Y J, Wu S T 2009 Opt. Express 17 10499 Google Scholar
[13]	Zhang Z, Li L, Liu X, Li L, Li Y 2023 Opt. Lasers Eng. 163 107450 Google Scholar
[14]	Frozanpoor I, Cooke M, Racz Z, Bossons I, Ambukan V, Wood D, Gallant A, Balocco C 2021 J. Micromech. Microeng. 31 055014 Google Scholar
[15]	Li X, Duan J, Qu Z, Wang J, Ji M, Zhang B 2022 Micromachines 13 117.Google Scholar
[16]	Chen Q, Li T, Zhu Y, Yu W, Zhang X 2018 Opt. Express 26 6532.Google Scholar
[17]	Lu Y S, Tu H, Xu Y, Jiang H 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 261113 Google Scholar
[18]	Shahini A, Xia J, Zhou Z, Zhao Y, Cheng M M C 2016 Langmuir 32 1658 Google Scholar
[19]	Almoallem Y D, Jiang H 2017 J. Microelectromech. Syst 26 1122 Google Scholar
[20]	Nakano M, Inaba M, Murakami T, Sakurai M, Suehiro J 2023 IEEE Sens. Lett. 7 1 Google Scholar
[21]	Edwards A M, Brown C V, Newton M I, McHale G 2018 Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 36 28 Google Scholar
[22]	Yi U C, Kim C J 2006 J. Micromech. Microeng. 16 2053 Google Scholar

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基于双柔性电极模拟叉指图案电极的液体介电泳研究