连续变量量子密钥分发系统中动态偏振控制研究

张光伟; 白建东; 颉琦; 靳晶晶; 张永梅; 刘文元

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20231890

摘要

连续变量量子密钥分发系统中, 本地光场和信号光场采用时分复用, 偏振复用方式通过长距离单模光纤传输. 外界复杂环境会使单模光纤产生双折射效应, 导致本地光场和信号光场的偏振态漂移, 严重影响接收端平衡零拍探测结果. 因此, 高效动态偏振控制单元是推动系统外场实用化进程的关键技术. 本文理论上证明了系统接收端仅考虑任意偏振消光比输出时, 偏振控制单元只需两个控制自由度即可. 在此基础上将贝叶斯参数估计方法有效融入混沌-猴群算法, 同时在现场可编程逻辑门阵列硬件上实现控制算法, 结合积分型光场探测器建立动态偏振控制单元, 仿真和实验结果表明单次偏振控制静态消光比达到30 dB以上的平均周期为400 µs. 为了应对偏振态连续变化情况, 将动态偏振控制单元集成到连续变量量子密钥分发系统, 实验测试了偏振态扰动速率在0—2 krad/s范围内系统仍然能够正常运转.

关键词:

Abstract

In a commercial fiber-based quantum key distribution system, the local and signal optical fields are transmitted through long distance fibers by using time division multiplexing and polarization multiplexing. The state of polarization of the optical field is inevitably disturbed by random birefringence of the standard single-mode fiber caused by external complex environments. This drift of the state of polarization significantly affects the balanced homodyne detection results and the secret key rate. Therefore, the key technology of the dynamic polarization control unit is crucial for the system in a large-scale commercial application. We theoretically analyze and prove that the polarization control unit only needs the combination of two degrees of freedom when considering the result of an arbitrary polarization extinction ratio at the receiver of the system. To overcome the influence of polarization variations, we propose a chaotic monkey algorithm based on Bayesian parameter estimation method and implement intelligence algorithm on field programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware under pulsed light with an integral-type detector for the dynamic polarization control unit. The simulation results show that the optimal combination is four degrees of freedom and the optimal prior distribution is an exponential distribution among various distributions in the dynamic polarization control unit. According to the simulation results, the experimental results show that the achieved polarization extinction ratio is over 30 dB and the average time of polarization control is 400 μs for a single random polarization scrambling. By combining the dynamic polarization control unit with the system, we demonstrate the continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) under a continuous polarization scrambling scope of 0－2 krad/s and verify its effectiveness. In addition, the methods presented will improve the performance of the system and expand the range of applications even under strong external disturbance.

Keywords:

continuous variable quantum key distribution /
Bayesian parameter estimation method /
monkey algorithm /
dynamic polarization controller

作者及机构信息

中北大学半导体与物理学院物理系, 太原　030051

通信作者: 刘文元, liuweny@nuc.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金 (批准号: 12104419, 12104417, 12104418) 和山西省基础研究计划 (批准号: 20210302124689, 20210302124161, 20210302124025) 资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

Department of Physics, School of Semiconductor and Physics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Corresponding author: Liu Wen-Yuan, liuweny@nuc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12104419, 12104417, 12104418) and the Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province, China (Grant Nos. 20210302124689, 20210302124161, 20210302124025).

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

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施引文献

图 1 挤压型电控偏振控制器

Fig. 1. Extrusion type electronically polarization controller.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 调节挤压器延迟量偏振态的变化轨迹　(a) 固定${0^{{\circ }}}$挤压器, 调节${45^{{\circ }}}$挤压器相位延迟量; (b) 调节${0^{{\circ }}}$和${45^{{\circ }}}$挤压器相位延迟量

Fig. 2. Change trajectory of state of polarization when adjusting phase retardation of extruder: (a) Fixing ${0^{{\circ }}}$ extruder, adjusting phase retardation of the ${45^{{\circ }}}$ extruder; (b) adjusting phase retardation of the ${0^{{\circ }}}$ and ${45^{{\circ }}}$ extruders.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 贝叶斯-混沌猴群算法流程图

Fig. 3. Program flow diagram of Bayesian-chaotic monkey algorithm.

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图 4 先验分布类型和偏振自由度达到目标偏振态所需迭代次数

Fig. 4. Average number of iterations to achieve target state of polarization based on prior distribution and degrees of freedom of polarization.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 动态偏振控制单元示意图

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of the dynamic polarization control unit.

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图 6 控制目标偏振态迭代次数统计分布

Fig. 6. Statistical distribution of iterations to achieve target of state of polarization.

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图 7 单次偏振控制过程中消光比与时间关系

Fig. 7. Observed polarization extinction ratio versus the time for a typical single random polarization control process.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 连续偏振扰动速率对系统关键参数影响　(a) 通道传输效率; (b) 额外噪声

Fig. 8. Influence of continuous polarization scrambling on key parameters of the system: (a) Channel transmittance; (b) excess noise.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	Tian Y, Wang P, Liu J Q, Du S N, Liu W Y, Lu Z G, Wang X Y, Li Y M 2022 Optica 9 492 Google Scholar
[2]	Ren S Y, Wang Y, Su X L 2022 Sci. China Inform. Sci. 65 200502 Google Scholar
[3]	Ma L, Yang J, Zhang T, Shao Y, Liu J L, Luo Y J, Wang H, Huang W, Fan F, Zhou C, Zhang L L, Zhang S, Zhang Y C, Li Y, Xu B J 2023 Sci. China Inform. Sci. 66 180507 Google Scholar
[4]	Gisin N, Ribordy G, Tittel W, Zbinden H 2002 Rev. Mod. Phys. 74 145 Google Scholar
[5]	Grosshans F, Grangier P 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 057902 Google Scholar
[6]	Grosshans F, Assche G V, Wenger J, Brouri R, Cerf N J, Grangier P 2003 Nature 421 238 Google Scholar
[7]	Lodewyck J, Bloch M, García-Patrón R, Fossier S, Karpov E, Diamanti E, Debuisschert T, Cerf N J, Tualle-Brouri R, Mclaughlin S W, Grangier P 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 042305 Google Scholar
[8]	Jouguet P, Kunz-Jacques S, Leverrier A, Grangier P, Diamanti E 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 378 Google Scholar
[9]	Weedbrook C, Pirandola S, García-Patrón R, Cerf N J, Ralph T C, Shapiro J H, Lloyd S 2012 Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 621 Google Scholar
[10]	刘建强, 王旭阳, 白增量, 李永民 2016 物理学报 65 100303 Google Scholar Liu J Q, Wang X Y, Bai Z L, Li Y M 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 100303 Google Scholar
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[15]	钟海, 叶炜, 吴晓东, 郭迎 2021 物理学报 70 020301 Google Scholar Zhong H, Ye W, Wu X D, Guo Y 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 020301 Google Scholar
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[20]	Koch B, Hidayat A, Zhang H B, Mirvoda V, Lichtinger M, Sandel D, Noé R 2008 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20 961 Google Scholar
[21]	李伟文, 章献民, 陈抗生, 邹英寅 2005 光子学报 34 820 Li W W, Zhang X M, Chen K S, Zou Y Y 2005 Acta Photon. Sin. 34 820
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[24]	Zhu J J, Zhang X G, Duan G Y, Wang Q G 2006 Semi. Photon. Tech. 12 217
[25]	尤阳, 漆云凤, 沈辉, 邹星星, 何兵, 周军 2020 光学学报 40 2314002 Google Scholar You Y, Qi Y F, Shen H, Zou X X, He B, Zhou J 2020 Acta Opt. Sin. 40 2314002 Google Scholar
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[28]	Chen J, Wu G, Xu L, Gu X, Wu E, Zeng H 2009 New J. Phys. 11 065004 Google Scholar
[29]	Li D D, Gao S, Li G C, Xue L, Wang L W, Lu C B, Xiang Y, Zhao Z Y, Yan L C, Chen Z Y, Yu G, Liu J H 2018 Opt. Express 26 22793 Google Scholar
[30]	Ding Y Y, Chen H, Wang S, He D Y, Yin Z Q, Chen W, Zhou Z, Guo G C, Han Z F 2017 Opt. Express 25 27923 Google Scholar
[31]	曹若琳, 彭清轩, 王金东, 陈勇杰, 黄云飞, 於亚飞, 魏正军, 张智明 2022 物理学报 71 130306 Google Scholar Cao R L, Peng Q X, Wang J D, Chen Y J, Huang Y F, Yu Y F, Wei Z J, Zhang Z M 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 130306 Google Scholar
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[33]	Muga N J, Ramos M F, Mantey S T, Silva N A, Pinto A N 2020 IET Optoelectron. 14 350 Google Scholar
[34]	Mekhtiev E E, Gerasin I S, Rudavin N V, Duplinsky A V, Kurochkin Y V 2021 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2086 012092 Google Scholar
[35]	Wang T, Huang P, Wang S Y, Zeng G H 2019 Opt. Express 27 26689 Google Scholar
[36]	Zhou M S, Li Y Q, Xiang Z H, Swoboda G, Cen Z Z 2007 Tsinghua Sci. Technol. 12 546 Google Scholar
[37]	Jin B T 2008 Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 76 230 Google Scholar
[38]	CappÉ O, Godsill S J, Moulines E 2007 Proc. IEEE 95 899 Google Scholar
[39]	An M J 2012 Geophys. J. Int. 191 849 Google Scholar
[40]	Fox E P 1998 Technometrics 40 155
[41]	Schönfeld P 1989 Statistical Papers 30 212 Google Scholar
[42]	Toussaint U V 2011 Rev. Mod. Phys. 83 943 Google Scholar
[43]	Barker A L, Brown D E, Martin W N 1995 Comput. Math. Appl. 30 55 Google Scholar
[44]	Cohn S E 1997 J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn. 75 257 Google Scholar
[45]	Zhuang L F, Pan F, Ding F 2012 Appl. Math. Model. 36 3454 Google Scholar
[46]	Ying M S 2010 Artif. Intell. 174 162 Google Scholar
[47]	Lamata L, Sanz M, Solano E 2019 Adv. Quantum Technol. 2 1900075 Google Scholar
[48]	Liu D, Pei C X, Quan D X, Zhao N 2010 Chin. Phys. Lett. 27 050306 Google Scholar
[49]	Li X H, Zhou P, Liang Y J, Li C Y, Zhou H Y, Deng F G 2006 Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 1080 Google Scholar
[50]	Haykin S 2005 IEEE J. Sel. Area. Comm. 23 201 Google Scholar
[51]	Corsi F, Galtarossa A, Palmieri L 1998 J. Lightw. Technol. 16 1832 Google Scholar
[52]	Galtarossa A, Schiano M, Someda C G, Daino B, Matera F, Zaninello R, Bergamin F 1991 Electron. Lett. 27 595 Google Scholar
[53]	谢晓新, 徐森禄 1990 陕西师大学报(自然科学版) 18 82 Xie X X, Xu S L 1990 J. Shaanxi Normal Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 18 82
[54]	Xu X P, Zhang D J 2018 Comput. Eng. Appl. 54 144
[55]	Zhao R Q, Tang W S 2008 J. Uncertain Syst. 2 165
[56]	Alfaro M E, Holder M T 2006 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37 19 Google Scholar
[57]	Dempster A P, Laird N M, Rubin D B 1977 J. R. Stat. Soc. Series B 39 1
[58]	Reimherr M, Meng X L, Nicolae D L 2021 J. R. Stat. Soc. Series B 83 413 Google Scholar
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连续变量量子密钥分发系统中动态偏振控制研究