稀释制冷技术

郑茂文; 郭浩文; 卫铃佼; 潘子杰; 邹佳润; 李瑞鑫; 赵密广; 陈厚磊; 梁惊涛

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20241211

摘要

稀释制冷机作为一种可以获取10 mK以下极低温度的制冷技术, 广泛应用于量子计算、凝聚态物理等领域, 已经成为极低温区的主流技术. 目前国际上干式稀释制冷机的研究和应用已经较为成熟, 但是对其他类型的稀释制冷机研究较少, 研究工作还不够全面系统. 本综述围绕稀释制冷技术的研究现状, 系统介绍了其根本机理和制冷原理, 梳理了稀释制冷机的多种实现形式, 讨论了各种形式的优缺点和研究进展. 基于地面应用的典型稀释制冷机, 结合实际情况, 系统总结并分析了影响其制冷性能的内在、外在因素, 为稀释制冷技术研究提供技术参考.

关键词:

Abstract

Dilution refrigerator, as a refrigeration technology that can obtain extremely low temperatures below 10 mK, is widely used in fields such as quantum computing, and condensed matter physics. The development of the most widely used typical dry dilution refrigerators has been relatively mature, while there is little research on other types of dilution refrigerators, and there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic research on dilution refrigeration technology.This paper focuses on the current status of dilution refrigeration technology research, introduces its basic principles, and points out that the fundamental reason for continuous refrigeration is the limited solubility of ³He in ⁴He and the difference in enthalpy between the concentrated phase and the dilute phase. This paper summarizes the realization forms and research progress of typical dilution refrigerators, ⁴He cycle dilution refrigerators, cold cycle dilution refrigerators, and space dilution refrigerators, and discusses their respective application occasions and advantages and disadvantages. From the Kapitza thermal resistance, osmotic pressure, and resistance, this paper analyzes the key influencing factors and design calculation methods for realizing dilution refrigerators below 10 mK, which provides reference for studying dilution refrigeration technology.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
中国科学院理化技术研究所, 中国科学院空间功热转换技术重点实验室, 北京　100190

2.
低温科学与技术重点实验室, 北京　100190

3.
中国科学院大学, 北京　100049

通信作者: 卫铃佼, weilingjiao@mail.ipc.ac.cn ; 潘子杰, panzijie@mail.ipc.ac.cn ;

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 52406002)和国家重点实验室基金(批准号: CRYO20230202)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

2.
Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Beijing 100190, China

3.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: Wei Ling-Jiao, weilingjiao@mail.ipc.ac.cn ; Pan Zi-Jie, panzijie@mail.ipc.ac.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52406002) and the Research Program of Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, China (Grant No. CRYO20230202).

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参考文献

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施引文献

图 1 在绝对零度时³He在⁴He中的化学势平衡关系^[11,12,21]

Fig. 1. Chemical potential equilibrium relationship of ³He in ⁴He at absolute zero^[11,12,21].

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图 2 ³He-⁴He混合液相图^[8–12]

Fig. 2. The phase diagram of ³He-⁴He mixture^[8–12].

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图 3 浓相、稀相分离示意图

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of separation of concentrated phase and diluted phase.

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图 4 浓相与稀相的焓值图^[11]

Fig. 4. The enthalpy diagram of the concentrated phase and diluted phase^[11].

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图 5 稀释制冷循环流程

Fig. 5. The cycle of dilution refrigerator.

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图 6 稀释制冷机结构图　(a) 湿式^[29]; (b)干式^[36]

Fig. 6. The structure of DR: (a) The wet ^[29];(b) dry DR^[36].

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图 7 冷循环稀释制冷机示意图

Fig. 7. The schematic diagram of CDR.

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图 8 冷凝泵型稀释制冷机模型图(NASA Ames实验室)

Fig. 8. Model diagram of condensate pump dilution refrigerator (NASA Ames).

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图 9 Leiden型(⁴He循环)稀释制冷机原理图^[51]

Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of Leiden type (⁴He cycle) dilution refrigerator^[51].

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图 10 空间开式稀释制冷机原理图^[61]

Fig. 10. The schematic diagram of OCDR^[61].

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图 11 空间闭式稀释制冷机^[61]

Fig. 11. The schematic diagram of CCDR^[61].

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图 12 常温及极低温下的温度梯度　(a)常温下的换热器; (b)极低温下的换热器

Fig. 12. Temperature gradient at normal temperature and extremely low temperature: (a) Normal temperature; (b) extremely low temperature.

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图 13 不同材料的Kapitza热阻值^[19]

Fig. 13. Kapitza thermal resistance of different materials^[19].

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图 14 换热器结构示意图　(a) 螺旋套管换热器; (b) 纳米烧结银粉换热器

Fig. 14. Schematic of the heat-exchanger: (a) Tube-in-tube; (b) sintered nano silver powder.

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图 15 极低温逆流换热器计算模型图^[70]

Fig. 15. Calculation model diagram of extremely low temperature counter-flow heat exchanger^[70].

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图 16 一种采用加热丝抑制超流氦爬膜的蒸发器结构^[11]

Fig. 16. The still structure using heating wires to restrain superfluid helium from climbing the film^[11].

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图 17 稀释单元稀相管路内的渗透压平衡关系图

Fig. 17. Osmotic pressure balance diagram in dilute phase pipeline of dilution unit.

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图 18 文献[11,27,72]中给出的渗透压数值

Fig. 18. Osmotic pressure values given in Ref. [11,27,72].

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表 1 国外主流商用稀释制冷机产品

Table 1. The foreign mainstream commercial dilution refrigerator products.

公司	稀释制冷机型号	最低温度/mK	制冷功率
Bluefors	BF- LD250	10	250 μW@100 mK, 10 μW@20 mK
	BF-XLD400	10	400 μW@100 mK, 15 μW@20 mK
	BF-XLD1000	10	1000 μW@100 mK, 30 μW@20 mK
	KIDE	10	3 mW@100 mK(3个模块)
Oxford	Proteox MX	10	450 μW@100 mK, 12 μW@20 mK
	Proteox LX	7	850 μW@100 mK, 25 μW@20 mK
	Proteox 5 mK	5	850 μW@100 mK, 25 μW@20 mK
Janis	JDry-500	10	400 μW@100 mK
Janis	JDry-750	9	400 μW@100 mK, 14 μW@20 mK
Cryoconcept	HEXA-DRY L	10	450 μW@100 mK

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表 2 国内报道的经典稀释制冷机研究进展

Table 2. Research progress of classical dilution refrigerators reported in China.

单位/企业	目前最低温度/mK	制冷功率
中国科学院物理研究所	<7.6	>450 μW@100 mK
中国科学院理化技术研究所^[7]	~15	>400 μW@100 mK
中国电子科技集团公司第十六研究所	7.9	>450 μW@100 mK
安徽大学/合肥知冷低温科技有限公司	8.5	550 μW@100 mK
中船鹏力超低温	12	>450 μW@100 mK
本源量子	<10	>450 μW@100 mK
北京飞斯科科技有限公司	<10	>300 μW@100 mK
集焓科学仪器有限公司	6.8	>400 μW@100 mK

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表 3 蒸发器温度对应的³He及⁴He蒸气压

Table 3. ³He and ⁴He vapor pressures corresponding to evaporator temperature.

蒸发器温度/K	P₃₀/Pa	P₄₀/Pa	x₃/%	a	P₃/Pa	P₄/Pa	(P₃+P₄)/Pa	[P₃/(P₃+P₄)]/%
0.9	695	5.542	0.78	4.47	24.23	5.499	29.73	81.51
0.8	378	1.526	0.88	5.13	17.06	1.513	18.58	91.86
0.7	180	0.30375	1	5.98	10.76	0.301	11.06	97.28
0.6	70.6	0.037485	1.2	7.11	6.02	0.037	6.06	99.39
0.5	20.5	0.002178	1.4	8.69	2.49	0.0021	2.50	99.91
0.4	3.59	0.001	1.8	11.07	0.72	0.0010	0.72	99.86

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[12]	Edwards D O, Pettersen M S 1992 J. Low Temp. Phys. 87 3
[13]	Wilks J 1967 The Properties of Liquid and Solid Helium (Oxford: Clarendon Press
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[15]	Graf E H, Lee D M, Reppy J D 1965 Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 417 Google Scholar
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[43]	Singh V, Mathimalar S, Dokania N, et al. 2013 Pramana J. Phys. 81 719 Google Scholar
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[48]	Teleberg G, Chase S T, Piccirillo L 2006 SPIE Conf. Ser. 6275 62750D
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