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1 K低温系统是进一步实现mK温区及更低温度的基础, 广泛应用于量子计算、凝聚态物理研究、低温科学仪器等领域. 目前国内的1 K低温系统大多使用GM制冷机进行预冷, 系统在实现更低振动控制、更低电噪声干扰、更低预冷温度和更高液化效率等方面存在一定难题, 而基于脉管制冷机预冷的1 K系统在解决这些问题方面具有先天优势. 本文发展了一台全国产化的4 K GM脉管制冷机, 获得了2.14 K的最低制冷温度, 并可同时提供1.5 W@4.2 K和45 W@45 K的制冷量. 将其作为预冷制冷机, 设计并搭建了1 K低温系统, 最终获得了1.1 K的最低制冷温度, 并可在1.6 K提供100 mW的制冷量. 本研究为后续开展更大冷量稀释制冷技术奠定了重要基础.A 1-K cryogenic system can provide a stable and necessary low-temperature environment for some fields such as quantum computing, condensed matter physics research, and cryogenic scientific instruments. Specifically, in the field of basic research, 1 K is an ideal condition for studying quantum phenomena in low-temperature physics, such as quantum Hall effect and topological phase transition; in the field of technical applications, 1 K is a necessary condition for some quantum devices, such as superconducting quantum interferometers and single-photon detectors, to achieve high-sensitivity operation; in the field of ultra-low temperature technology, 1 K is the pre-cooling stage of refrigeration technologies, such as dilution refrigerators, and is also the basis for further achieving mK temperature ranges and lower temperatures. At present, in most of domestic 1-K systems, GM cryocoolers are used for pre-cooling. These systems encounter some difficulties in achieving lower vibration control, lower electrical noise interference, lower pre-cooling temperature, and higher liquefaction efficiency. The 1-K systems based on pulse tube cryocoolers pre-cooling have inherent advantages in solving these problems. In this work, a 4-K GM-type pulse tube cryocooler is first developed by using a domestic helium compressor and a developed rotary valve, and the cold-end heat exchanger and the room-temperature phase shifters are redesigned in order to achieve a minimum cooling temperature of 2.14 K, and provide 1.5 W at 4.2 K and 45 W at 45 K cooling capacity simultaneously. With the home-made pulse tube cryocooler as the pre-cooling stage, a 1-K cryogenic system is further constructed. By designing key components such as JT flow resistance, combined thermal switch, and anti-superflow structure, a minimum cooling temperature of 1.1 K is achieved, with a cooling capacity of 100 mW at 1.6 K. This study lays an important foundation for subsequently developing dilution refrigerators with larger cooling capacity.
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Keywords:
- pulse tube cryocooler /
- GM-type /
- 1-K system /
- Dilution refrigeration
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图 2 基于脉管制冷机预冷的1 K低温系统结构示意图
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the 1 K cryogenic system pre-cooled by a pulse tube refrigerator.
图 5 4 K脉管制冷机典型制冷性能 (a)降温曲线, (b)制冷量
Fig. 5. Typical cooling performance of the developed 4 K pulse tube refrigerator: (a) Cooling curve; (b) cooling capacity.
图 6 1 K低温系统典型制冷性能 (a)降温曲线; (b)制冷量
Fig. 6. Typical cooling performance of the 1 K cryogenic system: (a) Cooling curve; (b) cooling capacity.
图 7 制冷量和工质流量与制冷温度关系变化曲线
Fig. 7. The relationship curve between cooling capacity, working flow and cooling temperature.
表 1 自研脉管制冷机与国外产品比较
Table 1. Comparison between the developed prototype and foreign 4 K GM-type PTRs.
时间 最低温度 一级制冷量 二级制冷量 功耗 备注 Cryomech PT415-RM <60 Minutes <2.8 K 40 W @ 45 K 1.35 W @ 4.2 K 9.2 kW 阀分离 住友RP-182B2S <60 Minutes <2.8 K 36 W @ 48 K 1.5 W @ 4.2 K 11.8 kW 阀分离 本文 <40 Minutes 2.14 K 45 W @ 45 K 1.5 W @ 4.2 K 14 kW 阀分离 
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