Sensing mechanisms and applications of flexible pressure sensors

Hou Xing-Yu; Guo Chuan-Fei

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200987

Abstract

As an emerging type of electronic devices, flexible pressure sensors have more advantages than rigid sensors in human-computer interaction, healthcare, and tactile sensing in robots. These advantages, however, require the materials to be thin and soft. For applications in human bodies, the sensor needs to be biocompatible and mechanically match the biotissue such that they can be conformable to the skin textures, or be implanted in the body. Sensitivity, response time, limitation of detection, and stability are basic properties to evaluate a pressure sensor. Recently, some other parameters of flexible pressure sensors including pressure response range, pressure resolution, space resolution, and stretchability have also been studied, enabling such devices to have a wider application prospect. This review introduces about the state of the arts of flexible pressure sensors in recent years, and is intended to discuss the sensing mechanisms, properties, and potential applications of flexible tactile sensors. At last, we talk about the future of flexible tactile sensors.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Department of Material Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China

Corresponding author: Guo Chuan-Fei, guocf@sustech.edu.cn

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Cited By

图 1 不同形式的压力传感器　(a)电容型; (b)电阻型; (c)压电型; (d)摩擦电型

Figure 1. Different kinds of pressure sensors: (a) Capacitive pressure sensor; (b) resistive pressure sensor; (c) piezoelectric pressure sensor; (d) triboelectric pressure sensor.

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图 2 电容型压力传感器和电阻型压力传感器　(a) 基于电双层的电容型压力传感器, 含有多级非稳态自补偿结构^[31]; (b) 半球、倾斜微柱、没有高度梯度的自补偿结构、多级非稳态自补偿结构在压力下电极与微结构接触面积变化情况^[31]; (c) 基于互锁结构的电阻型压力传感器^[43]; (d) 无微结构、单侧球状微结构、互锁结构在压力下电阻变化情况^[43]

Figure 2. Capacitive pressure sensor and resistive pressure sensor: (a) Graded intrafillable architecture (GIA)-based iontronic pressure sensor with ultra-broad-range high sensitivity^[31]; (b) comparison in contact area of electrode and microstructure among hemisphere, tilted pillar, intrafillable pillar without gradient and GIA^[31]; (c) resistive pressure sensor with interlocked microdome arrays^[43]; (d)the change in resistance among planar, single microdomes and interlocked microdomes^[43].

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图 3 压电型压力传感器和摩擦电型压力传感器　(a)基于PDA修饰$ \mathrm{B}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{O}}_{3} $(BTO)的压电型压力传感器原理示意图^[53]; (b)不同质量分数的PDA@BTO纳米颗粒对压力作用下输出电压、电流能力的影响^[53]; (c)在砂纸上固化PDMS作为摩擦材料制备的压力传感器^[57]; (d)不同压力范围内该传感器的灵敏度^[57]

Figure 3. Piezoelectric pressure sensor and triboelectric pressure sensor: (a) Flexible piezoelectric pressure sensor based on polydopamine-modified BaTiO₃/PVDF composite film^[53]; (b) the output voltages and currents of pressure sensors with different contents of PDA@BTO nanoparticles^[53]; (c) a flexible self-powered pressure sensor with coarse PDMS^[57]; (d) pressure sensitivity indicating different sensitivities at different pressure regimes^[57].

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图 4 压力响应范围　(a) 利用PZT制作的阵列型压力传感器. PDMS薄膜被真空镊子夹住轻置于传感器上^[51]; (b) 通过计算得到PDMS薄膜和传感器接触带来的压力分布示意图^[51]; (c) 基于多级非稳态自补偿结构的传感器与其他类型传感器相比具有极宽的压力响应范围和较高的灵敏度^[31]

Figure 4. Response range: (a) Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response. PDMS film was held by a vacuum tweezer^[51]; (b) map of contact pressure. Calculated pressure associated with contact between a PDMS post (1 mm thick) and an array of PZT elements on silicone^[51]; (c) graded intrafillable architecture-based iontronic pressure sensor has ultrahigh pressure response range and sensitivity^[31].

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图 5 空间分辨率　(a) 基于交叉定位技术设计传感器阵列^[81]; (b) 基于纳米线发光二极管的传感器阵列, 可以准确地反映受压区域.如这里用“ABC”字母模板施加压力^[83]; (c) 传感器阵列对手势的追踪响应^[81]; (d) 从没有应变到–0.15%的应变, 发光二极管的强度变化^[83]

Figure 5. Space resolution: (a) Self-powered high-resolution and pressure-sensitive triboelectric sensor matrix based on cross location technique^[81]; (b) high-resolution electroluminescent imaging of pressure distribution using a piezoelectric nanowire LED array. A convex character pattern, such as ‘ABC’, is used to apply the pressure pattern on top of the ITO electrode^[83]; (c) sensor array tracks to gesture and gives pressure distribution map^[81]; (d) electroluminescence images of the device at strains of 0 and –0.15%, respectively^[83].

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图 6 压力分辨率　(a)把质量十分轻的不同物品放在3块砖(320 kPa)上^[31]; (b)增加的压力为300, 40, 18 Pa时检测到的电容值变化^[31]; (c)把传感器压在汽车轮胎下^[31]; (d)在汽车上装上和卸下一箱纸巾, 检测对应的电容值变化^[31]; (e)体重为50 kg的女性上车和下车, 检测对应的电容值变化^[31]

Figure 6. Pressure sensor with high pressure resolution: (a) Detection of different micro pressure objects placed on three concrete bricks weighing 320 kPa^[31]; (b) capacitance signals corresponding to panel^[31]; (c) experimental set-up of a car with a GIA-based iontronic pressure sensor bonded under a rear tire, the test frequency is 10 kHz^[31]; (d) capacitance signals corresponding to a loaded, unloaded, and reloaded 1.7 kg bag of paper towels in the trunk of the car^[31]; (e) capacitance signals corresponding to a 50 kg female passenger getting into and out of the car^[31].

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图 7 压力传感器用于触觉感知　(a) 超薄单晶硅纳米带制作的电子皮肤中压力传感模块示意图和扫描电镜图^[86]; (b) 贴附电子皮肤的假肢在敲键盘和抓球时电阻的变化^[86]; (c) 能够像变色龙一样随着环境变化的传感器, 颜色变化主要由电致变色高分子来提供^[94]; (d) 对该传感器间歇性施加不同的压力, 有明显的颜色变化^[94]

Figure 7. Pressure sensor used for tactile sensing: (a) Schematic and scanning electron microscope image showing the working principle of the Si nanoribbon pressure sensor with a cavity^[86]; (b) resistance change when prosthetic limb taps a keyboard and catches a baseball^[86]; (c) a chameleon-inspired stretchable electronic skin with interactive color changing controlled by tactile sensing^[94]; (d) the change of colors under different pressures^[94].

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图 8 压力传感器用于健康监测　(a) 同时用商用检测设备和基于该压力传感器搭建的检测系统对指尖脉搏进行检测^[95]; (b) 使用该压力传感器检测35岁(左)和65岁(右)受试者得到的指尖脉搏波形^[95]; (c) 基于摩擦电型压力传感器阵列制备的床单, 小图展示了它由导电纤维和中间的PET薄膜构成^[98]; (d) 人的身体姿势和位置与对应的压力分布示意图(左), 受试者睡觉时不同区域压力指数分布直方图(右)^[98]; (e) 晚上23:00—早上08:00睡眠期间活动次数的分时直方图和相应的睡眠质量报告^[98]

Figure 8. Health monitoring: (a) Simultaneous fingertip-pulse wave monitoring using the intelligent arteriosclerosis monitoring system based on fingertip-contact pressure sensor and a commercial medical monitor^[95]; (b) fingertip-pulse waveforms of a 35-year-old participant (left) and a 65-year-old participant (right) ^[95]; (c) illustration of TENG -array-based smart textile. Inset is an enlarged view of one TENG unit of the smart textile^[98]; (d) graphical user interface of the human body’s posture, position, and pressure distribution (left). Diagrams showing the press number distribution of a sleeper over an entire night (right)^[98]; (e) time-sharing histogram of active number during the sleeping period of 23:00 PM to 08:00 AM and the correspondingly generated sleep quality report^[98].

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