-
To date, despite the continuous improvement of integrated circuit manufacturing technology, it has been limited by quantum effects and the shrinking of device size has caused the industry to encounter bottlenecks such as low reliability and high power consumption. The “Moore’s Law” that has lasted for nearly 50 years in the microelectronics industry will not be sustainable. In 2004, the advent of graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) material, brought new opportunities to break through the power consumption bottleneck of integrated circuits. Due to the low dimensionality, 2D materials exhibit a variety of fasinatingly electrical, ferromagnetic, mechanical, and optical properties at an atomic level. Among them, ferromagnetism has a wide range of applications in information processing, magnetic memory and other technologies. However, only a few 2D ferromagnetic materials are successfully synthesized. Meanwhile, the magnetic long-range order will be strongly suppressed within a limited temperature range due to thermal fluctuations, and thus bringing non-ignorable limitations and challenges to subsequent work. Therefore, the realization and control of room-temperature ferromagnetism in 2D magnetic materials is the major concern at this stage. In light of the above, this review first introduces the development process, preparation methods and superior properties of 2D magnetic materials in detail, and then focuses on the methods of manipulating the Curie temperature of 2D magnetic material. Finally, we briefly give an outlook of the application prospects in the future.
-
Keywords:
- two-dimensional magnetic materials /
- Curie temperature /
- new two-dimensional spintronic devices
[1] Sato N, Xue F, White R M, Bi C, Wang S X 2018 Nat. Electron. 1 508
Google Scholar
[2] Chappert C, Fert A, Van Dau F N 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 813
Google Scholar
[3] Zhang D, Hou Y, Zeng L, Zhao W S 2019 IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 18 518
Google Scholar
[4] Mennel L, Symonowicz J, Wachter S, Polyushkin D K, Molina-Mendoza A J, Mueller T 2020 Nature 579 62
Google Scholar
[5] Zhu J 2008 Proc. IEEE 96 1786
Google Scholar
[6] Liu L, Moriyama T, Ralph D C, Buhrman R A 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 036601
[7] Sun J Z, Brown S L, Chen W, Delenia E A, Gaidis M C, Harms J, Hu G, Jiang X, Kilaru R, Kula W, Lauer G, Liu L Q, Murthy S, Nowak J, O’Sullivan E J, Parkin S S P, Robertazzi R P, Rice P M, Sandhu G, Topuria T, Worledge D C 2013 Phys. Rev. B 88 104426
Google Scholar
[8] Parkin S S P, Kaiser C, Panchula A, Rice P M, Hughes B, Samant M, Yang S H 2004 Nat. Mater. 3 862
Google Scholar
[9] Wolf S A, Lu J, Stan M R, Chen E, Treger D M 2010 Proc. IEEE 98 2155
Google Scholar
[10] Van Den Brink A, Vermijs G, Solignac A, Koo J, Kohlhepp J T, Swagten H J M, Koopmans B 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 1
[11] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Katsnelson M I, Grigorieva I V, Dubonos S V, Firsov A A 2005 Nature 438 197
Google Scholar
[12] Hashimoto A, Suenaga K, Gloter A, Urita K, Iijima S 2004 Nature 430 870
Google Scholar
[13] Schedin F, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Hill E W, Blake P, Katsnelson M I, Novoselov K S 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 652
Google Scholar
[14] Geim A K, Novoselov K S 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 183
Google Scholar
[15] Mas-Ballesté R, Gómez-Navarro C, Gómez-Herrero J, Zamora F 2011 Nanoscale 3 20
Google Scholar
[16] Dirac P A M, Fowler R H 1926 Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 112 661
Google Scholar
[17] Gong C, Zhang X 2019 Science 363 6428
[18] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A 2004 Science 306 666
Google Scholar
[19] Novoselov K S, Jiang D, Schedin F, Booth T J, Khotkevich V V, Morozov S V, Geim A K 2005 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 10451
Google Scholar
[20] Mermin N D, Wagner H 1966 Phys. Rev. Lett. 17 1133
Google Scholar
[21] Mounet N, Gibertini M, Schwaller P, Campi D, Merkys A, Marrazzo A, Sohier T, Castelli I E, Cepellotti A, Pizzi G, Marzari N 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 246
Google Scholar
[22] Alghamdi M, Lohmann M, Li J, Jothi P R, Shao Q, Aldosary M, Su T, Fokwa B P T, Shi J 2019 Nano Lett. 19 4400
Google Scholar
[23] Wang X, Tang J, Xia X, He C, Zhang J, Liu Y, Wan C, Fang C, Guo C, Yang W, Guang Y, Zhang X, Xu H, Wei J, Liao M, Lu X, Feng J, Li X, Peng Y, Wei H, Yang R, Shi D, Zhang X, Han Z, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Yu G, Han X 2019 Sci. Adv. 5 eaaw8904
Google Scholar
[24] Novoselov K S, Mishchenko A, Carvalho A, Castro Neto A H 2016 Science 353 6298
[25] Gong C, Li L, Li Z, Ji H, Stern A, Xia Y, Cao T, Bao W, Wang C, Wang Y, Qiu Z Q, Cava R J, Louie S G, Xia J, Zhang X 2017 Nature 546 265
Google Scholar
[26] Huang B, Clark G, Navarro-Moratalla E, Klein D R, Cheng R, Seyler K L, Zhong D, Schmidgall E, McGuire M A, Cobden D H, Yao W, Xiao D, Jarillo-Herrero P, Xu X D 2017 Nature 546 270
Google Scholar
[27] Si C, Zhou J, Sun Z 2015 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 17510
Google Scholar
[28] Zhu Y, Kong X, Rhone T D, Guo H 2018 Phys. Rev. Mater. 2 81001
Google Scholar
[29] Du J, Xia C, Xiong W, Wang T, Jia Y, Li J 2017 Nanoscale 9 17585
Google Scholar
[30] He J, Li X, Lyu P, Nachtigall P 2017 Nanoscale 9 2246
Google Scholar
[31] Wang H, Liu Y, Wu P, Hou W, Jiang Y, Li X, Pandey C, Chen D, Yang Q, Wang H, Wei D, Lei N, Kang W, Wen L, Nie T X, Zhao W S, Wang K L 2020 ACS Nano 14 10045
Google Scholar
[32] Dong X J, You J Y, Gu B, Su G 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl. 12 14020
Google Scholar
[33] Deng Y, Yu Y, Song Y, Zhang J, Wang N Z, Sun Z, Yi Y, Wu Y Z, Wu S, Zhu J, Wang J, Chen X H, Zhang Y B 2018 Nature 563 94
Google Scholar
[34] Wen Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Xia C, Zhai B, Zhang X, Zhai G, Shen C, He P, Cheng R, Yin L, Yao Y, Getaye Sendeku M, Wang Z, Ye X, Liu C, Jiang C, Shan C, Long Y, He J 2020 Nano Lett. 20 3130
Google Scholar
[35] Cai X, Luo Y, Liu B, Cheng H M 2018 Chem. Soc. Rev. 47 6224
Google Scholar
[36] Yi M, Shen Z 2015 J. Mater. Chem. A 3 11700
Google Scholar
[37] Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhou C 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 2329
Google Scholar
[38] Ji Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z 2015 Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 2587
Google Scholar
[39] Mattevi C, Kim H, Chhowalla M 2011 J. Mater. Chem. 21 3324
Google Scholar
[40] Ago H, Ito Y, Mizuta N, Yoshida K, Hu B, Orofeo C M, Tsuji M, Ikeda K, Mizuno S 2010 ACS Nano 4 7407
Google Scholar
[41] Vo-Van C, Kimouche A, Reserbat-Plantey A, Fruchart O, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Bendiab N, Coraux J 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 181903
Google Scholar
[42] Coleman J N 2009 Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 3680
Google Scholar
[43] Coleman J N 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 14
Google Scholar
[44] Cui X, Zhang C, Hao R, Hou Y 2011 Nanoscale 3 2118
Google Scholar
[45] Ojrzynska M, Wroblewska A, Judek J, Malolepszy A, Duzynska A, Zdrojek M 2020 Opt. Express 28 7274
Google Scholar
[46] Ciesielski A, Samorì P 2014 Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 381
Google Scholar
[47] Neave J H, Dobson P J, Joyce B A, Zhang J 1985 Appl. Phys. Lett. 47 100
Google Scholar
[48] May A F, Ovchinnikov D, Zheng Q, Hermann R, Calder S, Huang B, Fei Z, Liu Y, Xu X, McGuire M A 2019 ACS Nano 13 4436
Google Scholar
[49] Dalitz R H, Peierls R E 1997 Selected Scientific Papers of Sir Rudolf Peierls (Vol. 1) (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd) pp 9–225
[50] Joyce G S 1969 J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 2 1531
Google Scholar
[51] Hohenberg P C 1967 Phys. Rev. 158 383
Google Scholar
[52] Ising E 1925 Z. Phys. 31 253
Google Scholar
[53] Kosterlitz J M, Thouless D J 1973 J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 6 1181
Google Scholar
[54] Berezinsky V L 1971 Sov. Phys. JETP 32 493
[55] Liu S, Yuan X, Zou Y, Sheng Y, Huang C, Zhang E, Ling J, Liu Y, Wang W, Zhang C, Zou J, Wang K, Xiu F X 2017 npj 2D Mater. Appl. 1 30
Google Scholar
[56] Tan C, Lee J, Jung S G, Park T, Albarakati S, Partridge J, Field M R, McCulloch D G, Wang L, Lee C 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 1554
[57] Fei Z, Huang B, Malinowski P, Wang W, Song T, Sanchez J, Yao W, Xiao D, Zhu X, May A F, Wu W, Cobden D H, Chu J H, Xu X D 2018 Nat. Mater. 17 778
Google Scholar
[58] Kim D, Park S, Lee J, Yoon J, Joo S, Kim T, Min K, Park S Y, Kim C, Moon K W, Lee C, Hong J, Hwang C 2019 Nanotechnology 30 245701
Google Scholar
[59] Xu J, Phelan W A, Chien C L 2019 Nano Lett. 19 8250
Google Scholar
[60] Park S Y, Kim D S, Liu Y, Hwang J, Kim Y, Kim W, Kim J Y, Petrovic C, Hwang C, Mo S K, Kim H, Min B C, Koo H C, Chang J, Jang C, Choi J W, Ryu H 2020 Nano Lett. 20 95
Google Scholar
[61] Cao Y, Fatemi V, Fang S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kaxiras E, Jarillo-Herrero P 2018 Nature 556 43
Google Scholar
[62] Gibertini M, Koperski M, Morpurgo A F, Novoselov K S 2019 Nat. Nanotechnol. 14 408
Google Scholar
[63] Huang B, Clark G, Klein D R, MacNeill D, Navarro-Moratalla E, Seyler K L, Wilson N, McGuire M A, Cobden D H, Xiao D, Yao W, Jarillo-Herrero P, Xu X D 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 544
Google Scholar
[64] Jiang S, Li L, Wang Z, Mak K F, Shan J 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 549
Google Scholar
[65] Lin X, Yang W, Wang K L, Zhao W 2019 Nat. Electron. 2 274
Google Scholar
[66] Bonilla M, Kolekar S, Ma Y, Diaz H C, Kalappattil V, Das R, Eggers T, Gutierrez H R, Phan M H, Batzill M 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 289
Google Scholar
[67] O’Hara D J, Zhu T, Trout A H, Ahmed A S, Luo Y K, Lee C H, Brenner M R, Rajan S, Gupta J A, McComb D W, Kawakami R K 2018 Nano Lett. 18 3125
Google Scholar
[68] Wang Z, Zhang T, Ding M, Dong B, Li Y, Chen M, Li X, Huang J, Wang H, Zhao X, Li Y, Li D, Jia C, Sun L, Guo H, Ye Y, Sun D, Chen Y, Yang T, Zhang J, Ono S, Han Z, Zhang Z D 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 554
Google Scholar
[69] Verzhbitskiy I A, Kurebayashi H, Cheng H, Zhou J, Khan S, Feng Y P, Eda G 2020 Nat. Electron. 3 460
Google Scholar
[70] Seo J, Kim D Y, An E S, Kim K, Kim G Y, Hwang S Y, Kim D W, Jang B G, Kim H, Eom G, Seo S Y, Stania R, Muntwiler M, Lee J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Jo Y J, Lee J, Min B Il, Jo M H, Yeom H W, Choi S Y, Shim J H, Kim J S 2020 Sci. Adv. 6 eaay8912
Google Scholar
[71] Yang M, Li Q, Chopdekar R V, Stan C, Cabrini S, Choi J W, Wang S, Wang T, Gao N, Scholl A, Tamura N, Hwang C, Wang F, Qiu Z Q 2020 Adv. Quantum Technol. 3 2000017
Google Scholar
[72] Li Q, Yang M, Gong C, Chopdekar R V, N’Diaye A T, Turner J, Chen G, Scholl A, Shafer P, Arenholz E, Schmid A K, Wang S, Liu K, Gao N, Admasu A S, Cheong S W, Hwang C, Li J, Wang F, Zhang X, Qiu Z Q 2018 Nano Lett. 18 5974
Google Scholar
[73] Liu S, Yang K, Liu W, Zhang E, Li Z, Zhang X, Liao Z, Zhang W, Sun J, Yang Y, Gao H, Huang C, Ai L, Wong P K J, Wee A T S, N’Diaye A T, Morton S A, Kou X, Zou J, Xu Y, Wu H, Xiu F X 2019 Natl. Sci. Rev. 7 745
[74] Dong X J, You J Y, Zhang Z, Gu B, Su G 2020 Phys. Rev. B 102 144443
Google Scholar
[75] Kou X, Fan Y, Wang K L 2019 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 128 2
Google Scholar
[76] Yu J, Wu W, Wang Y, Zhu K, Zeng X, Chen Y, Liu Y, Yin C, Cheng S, Lai Y, He K, Xue Q 2020 Appl. Phys. Lett. 116 141603
Google Scholar
[77] Katmis F, Lauter V, Nogueira F S, Assaf B A, Jamer M E, Wei P, Satpati B, Freeland J W, Eremin I, Heiman D, Jarillo-Herrero P, Moodera J S 2016 Nature 533 513
Google Scholar
[78] Wang Z, Sapkota D, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Mandrus D, Morpurgo A F 2018 Nano Lett. 18 4303
Google Scholar
[79] Albarakati S, Tan C, Chen Z J, Partridge J G, Zheng G, Farrar L, Mayes E L H, Field M R, Lee C, Wang Y, Xiong Y, Tian M, Xiang F, Hamilton A R, Tretiakov O A, Culcer D, Zhao Y J, Wang L 2019 Sci. Adv. 5 eaaw0409
Google Scholar
-
图 2 (a) 分子束外延生长腔示意图; (b) 薄膜生长过程示意图
Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of molecular beam epitaxial growth cavity; (b) schematic diagram of film growth process.
图 3 (a) Cr2Ge2Te6的原子结构视图[25], 其中蓝色、黄色和橘色的球分别代表Cr, Ge和 Te原子. (b) 单层CrI3的平面内原子结构视图, 其中灰色和紫色的球分别代表Cr和I原子[26]. (c) Fe3GeTe2的面内和面外原子结构视图, 其中黄色、紫色和绿色的球分别代表Fe, Ge和 Te原子[55]
Figure 3. (a) Atomic structure view of Cr2Ge2Te6. The blue, yellow, and orange balls represent Cr, Ge, and Te atoms, respectively[25]. (b) In-plane atomic structure view of a single layer of CrI3. The gray and purple balls represent Cr and I atoms, respectively[26]. (c) In-plane and out-of-plane atomic structure views of Fe3GeTe2. The yellow, purple and green balls represent Fe, Ge and Te atoms, respectively[55].
图 4 (a), (b) FGT薄膜的居里温度随厚度的依赖关系[56,57]; (c)不同温度下30 nm FGT/O-FGT薄膜器件的反常霍尔电阻与垂直磁场的关系, 其中在90 K温度下出现负的剩磁[58]; (d) FGT薄膜的能斯特信号横向电压与垂直磁场的关系, 温度梯度分别为
$\nabla {T_x} = 1.3\;{\rm{K}} \cdot {{\text{μ} }}{{\rm{m}}^{ - 1}}$ 和$\nabla {T_x} = - 1.1\;{\rm{K}} \cdot {\text{μ} }{{\rm{m}}^{ - 1}}$ [59]; (e) Fe3–xGeTe2薄膜的磁晶各向异性能与磁化强度随掺杂浓度变化的关系[60]Figure 4. (a), (b) Thickness-dependent Curie temperature of FGT films for critical analysis[56,57]; (c) relationship between the anomalous Hall resistance of 30 nm thick FGT/O-FGT device and the perpendicular magnetic field under different temperatures, where the negative remanence magnetization appears at 90 K[58]; (d) relationship between the transverse voltage of the Nernst signal of FGT film and the perpendicular magnetic field with temperature gradient of
$\nabla {T_x} = 1.3\;{\rm{K}} \cdot {\text{μ} }{{\rm{m}}^{ - 1}}$ and$\nabla {T_x} = - 1.1\;{\rm{K}} \cdot {\text{μ} }{{\rm{m}}^{ - 1}}$ , respectively[59]; (e) change of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of Fe3–xGeTe2 film and the magnetization with doping concentration[60]
图 5 (a) 在μ0H = 0.78 T时, RMCD强度与顶栅电压和背栅电压的关系, 可以看出在双层CrI3中利用静电门控制的磁性转变[63]; (b) 4 K时双层CrI3中栅极电压-掺杂密度-磁场相位图, 可以看出双层CrI3中利用电子掺杂控制的磁性转变[64]
Figure 5. (a) RMCD signals under the top gate and back gate voltage at μ0H = 0.78 T. Magnetic transition can be controlled by electrostatic gate in double-layer CrI3[63]. (b) Gate voltage-electron doping density-magnetic field phase diagram in double layer CrI3 at 4 K. Magnetic transition can be controlled by electron doping in double-layer CrI3[64].
图 7 (a) CGT薄膜在不同栅电压下的场效应曲线[68]; (b)静电掺杂的CGT薄膜器件在不同栅电压下居里温度的变化[69]; (c)栅电压调控的四层FGT薄膜的霍尔曲线[33]
Figure 7. (a) Field-effect Ids curves of CGT film[68]; (b) variation of Curie temperature of CGT device with electron doping under different voltages[69]; (c) gate-voltage controlled Hall curves of four-layer FGT flake[33].
图 10 (a) 反铁磁MnTe增强Fe3GeTe2铁磁性[55]; (b) 反铁磁CrSb近邻效应诱导居里温度的变化[73]; (c) EuS/Bi2Se3界面增强居里温度[77]
Figure 10. (a) Antiferromagnetic MnTe induced Fe3GeTe2 ferromagnetism enhancement[55]; (b) antiferromagnetic CrSb proximity-induced Curie temperature increase[73]; (c) EuS/Bi2Se3 interfacial-enhanced Curie temperature[77].
图 11 (a) Bi2Te3(8)/FGT(5)异质结构随温度变化的电阻率; (b), (c) 不同温度下的面外反常霍尔曲线; (d) 不同温度下的面内反常霍尔曲线; (e) 阿罗特图来精准表征居里温度; (f) 300 K下异质结构的磁光克尔信号; (g), (h), (i) 不同厚度下异质结构的居里温度表征[31]
Figure 11. (a) Resistivity of Bi2Te3(8)/FGT(5) heterostructure with the variation of temperature; (b), (c) out-of-plane anomalous Hall curves under different temperatures; (d) in-plane anomalous Hall curves under different temperatures; (e) Arrott plot for characterizing the Curie temperature; (f) magneto-optical Kerr signal of the heterostructure at 300 K; (g), (h), (i) thickness-dependent Curie temperature[31].
2D材料/异质结构 $ {T_{\rm{c}}}/K $ 计算/制造方法 VSe2/MoS2和VSe2/HOPE
vdW heterostructure> 300 MBE VS2/WS2 vdW heterostructure 487 DFT VS2/MoS2 vdW heterostructure 485 DFT VTe2 128 DFT MnSe2/GaSe和MnSe2/SnSe2
vdW heterostructure> 300 MBE MnSe2 286 DFT MnS2 253 DFT MnI2 15 DFT NiI2 63 DFT CrSCI 150 DFT CrSBr 160 DFT CrSI 170 DFT CrI3 45 机械剥离法 CrI3 161 DFT CrI3 95 DFT CrCl3 49 DFT CrBr3 73 DFT CrF3 41 DFT CrTe3 71 DFT NiCl3 400 DFT CrGeTe3 30 机械剥离法 CrGeTe3 314 DFT CrGeTe3 130 DFT CrSiTe3 214 DFT CrSiTe3 90 DFT CrSiTe3 170 DFT Cr3Te4 2057 DFT Fe3GeTe2 20—300 机械剥离法 Fe3GeTe2 270—300 机械剥离法 Cr3C > 300 DFT 
DownLoad: CSV
表 2 FGT和Bi2Te3/FGT磁性相互交换作用
Table 2. Magnetic interaction of FGT and Bi2Te3/FGT.
E0 EFM
/eVEAFM-In
/eVEAFM-L
/eVJ1
/meVJ2
/meVJ3
/meVPure FGT 0 –11.441 –10.703 –11.272 3.675 –1.817 0.663 Bi2Te3/FGT 0 –16.400 –15.196 –15.742 5.906 –2.923 1.064
DownLoad: CSV
-
[1] Sato N, Xue F, White R M, Bi C, Wang S X 2018 Nat. Electron. 1 508
Google Scholar
[2] Chappert C, Fert A, Van Dau F N 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 813
Google Scholar
[3] Zhang D, Hou Y, Zeng L, Zhao W S 2019 IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 18 518
Google Scholar
[4] Mennel L, Symonowicz J, Wachter S, Polyushkin D K, Molina-Mendoza A J, Mueller T 2020 Nature 579 62
Google Scholar
[5] Zhu J 2008 Proc. IEEE 96 1786
Google Scholar
[6] Liu L, Moriyama T, Ralph D C, Buhrman R A 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 036601
[7] Sun J Z, Brown S L, Chen W, Delenia E A, Gaidis M C, Harms J, Hu G, Jiang X, Kilaru R, Kula W, Lauer G, Liu L Q, Murthy S, Nowak J, O’Sullivan E J, Parkin S S P, Robertazzi R P, Rice P M, Sandhu G, Topuria T, Worledge D C 2013 Phys. Rev. B 88 104426
Google Scholar
[8] Parkin S S P, Kaiser C, Panchula A, Rice P M, Hughes B, Samant M, Yang S H 2004 Nat. Mater. 3 862
Google Scholar
[9] Wolf S A, Lu J, Stan M R, Chen E, Treger D M 2010 Proc. IEEE 98 2155
Google Scholar
[10] Van Den Brink A, Vermijs G, Solignac A, Koo J, Kohlhepp J T, Swagten H J M, Koopmans B 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 1
[11] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Katsnelson M I, Grigorieva I V, Dubonos S V, Firsov A A 2005 Nature 438 197
Google Scholar
[12] Hashimoto A, Suenaga K, Gloter A, Urita K, Iijima S 2004 Nature 430 870
Google Scholar
[13] Schedin F, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Hill E W, Blake P, Katsnelson M I, Novoselov K S 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 652
Google Scholar
[14] Geim A K, Novoselov K S 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 183
Google Scholar
[15] Mas-Ballesté R, Gómez-Navarro C, Gómez-Herrero J, Zamora F 2011 Nanoscale 3 20
Google Scholar
[16] Dirac P A M, Fowler R H 1926 Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 112 661
Google Scholar
[17] Gong C, Zhang X 2019 Science 363 6428
[18] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A 2004 Science 306 666
Google Scholar
[19] Novoselov K S, Jiang D, Schedin F, Booth T J, Khotkevich V V, Morozov S V, Geim A K 2005 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 10451
Google Scholar
[20] Mermin N D, Wagner H 1966 Phys. Rev. Lett. 17 1133
Google Scholar
[21] Mounet N, Gibertini M, Schwaller P, Campi D, Merkys A, Marrazzo A, Sohier T, Castelli I E, Cepellotti A, Pizzi G, Marzari N 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 246
Google Scholar
[22] Alghamdi M, Lohmann M, Li J, Jothi P R, Shao Q, Aldosary M, Su T, Fokwa B P T, Shi J 2019 Nano Lett. 19 4400
Google Scholar
[23] Wang X, Tang J, Xia X, He C, Zhang J, Liu Y, Wan C, Fang C, Guo C, Yang W, Guang Y, Zhang X, Xu H, Wei J, Liao M, Lu X, Feng J, Li X, Peng Y, Wei H, Yang R, Shi D, Zhang X, Han Z, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Yu G, Han X 2019 Sci. Adv. 5 eaaw8904
Google Scholar
[24] Novoselov K S, Mishchenko A, Carvalho A, Castro Neto A H 2016 Science 353 6298
[25] Gong C, Li L, Li Z, Ji H, Stern A, Xia Y, Cao T, Bao W, Wang C, Wang Y, Qiu Z Q, Cava R J, Louie S G, Xia J, Zhang X 2017 Nature 546 265
Google Scholar
[26] Huang B, Clark G, Navarro-Moratalla E, Klein D R, Cheng R, Seyler K L, Zhong D, Schmidgall E, McGuire M A, Cobden D H, Yao W, Xiao D, Jarillo-Herrero P, Xu X D 2017 Nature 546 270
Google Scholar
[27] Si C, Zhou J, Sun Z 2015 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 17510
Google Scholar
[28] Zhu Y, Kong X, Rhone T D, Guo H 2018 Phys. Rev. Mater. 2 81001
Google Scholar
[29] Du J, Xia C, Xiong W, Wang T, Jia Y, Li J 2017 Nanoscale 9 17585
Google Scholar
[30] He J, Li X, Lyu P, Nachtigall P 2017 Nanoscale 9 2246
Google Scholar
[31] Wang H, Liu Y, Wu P, Hou W, Jiang Y, Li X, Pandey C, Chen D, Yang Q, Wang H, Wei D, Lei N, Kang W, Wen L, Nie T X, Zhao W S, Wang K L 2020 ACS Nano 14 10045
Google Scholar
[32] Dong X J, You J Y, Gu B, Su G 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl. 12 14020
Google Scholar
[33] Deng Y, Yu Y, Song Y, Zhang J, Wang N Z, Sun Z, Yi Y, Wu Y Z, Wu S, Zhu J, Wang J, Chen X H, Zhang Y B 2018 Nature 563 94
Google Scholar
[34] Wen Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Xia C, Zhai B, Zhang X, Zhai G, Shen C, He P, Cheng R, Yin L, Yao Y, Getaye Sendeku M, Wang Z, Ye X, Liu C, Jiang C, Shan C, Long Y, He J 2020 Nano Lett. 20 3130
Google Scholar
[35] Cai X, Luo Y, Liu B, Cheng H M 2018 Chem. Soc. Rev. 47 6224
Google Scholar
[36] Yi M, Shen Z 2015 J. Mater. Chem. A 3 11700
Google Scholar
[37] Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhou C 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 2329
Google Scholar
[38] Ji Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z 2015 Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 2587
Google Scholar
[39] Mattevi C, Kim H, Chhowalla M 2011 J. Mater. Chem. 21 3324
Google Scholar
[40] Ago H, Ito Y, Mizuta N, Yoshida K, Hu B, Orofeo C M, Tsuji M, Ikeda K, Mizuno S 2010 ACS Nano 4 7407
Google Scholar
[41] Vo-Van C, Kimouche A, Reserbat-Plantey A, Fruchart O, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Bendiab N, Coraux J 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 181903
Google Scholar
[42] Coleman J N 2009 Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 3680
Google Scholar
[43] Coleman J N 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 14
Google Scholar
[44] Cui X, Zhang C, Hao R, Hou Y 2011 Nanoscale 3 2118
Google Scholar
[45] Ojrzynska M, Wroblewska A, Judek J, Malolepszy A, Duzynska A, Zdrojek M 2020 Opt. Express 28 7274
Google Scholar
[46] Ciesielski A, Samorì P 2014 Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 381
Google Scholar
[47] Neave J H, Dobson P J, Joyce B A, Zhang J 1985 Appl. Phys. Lett. 47 100
Google Scholar
[48] May A F, Ovchinnikov D, Zheng Q, Hermann R, Calder S, Huang B, Fei Z, Liu Y, Xu X, McGuire M A 2019 ACS Nano 13 4436
Google Scholar
[49] Dalitz R H, Peierls R E 1997 Selected Scientific Papers of Sir Rudolf Peierls (Vol. 1) (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd) pp 9–225
[50] Joyce G S 1969 J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 2 1531
Google Scholar
[51] Hohenberg P C 1967 Phys. Rev. 158 383
Google Scholar
[52] Ising E 1925 Z. Phys. 31 253
Google Scholar
[53] Kosterlitz J M, Thouless D J 1973 J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 6 1181
Google Scholar
[54] Berezinsky V L 1971 Sov. Phys. JETP 32 493
[55] Liu S, Yuan X, Zou Y, Sheng Y, Huang C, Zhang E, Ling J, Liu Y, Wang W, Zhang C, Zou J, Wang K, Xiu F X 2017 npj 2D Mater. Appl. 1 30
Google Scholar
[56] Tan C, Lee J, Jung S G, Park T, Albarakati S, Partridge J, Field M R, McCulloch D G, Wang L, Lee C 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 1554
[57] Fei Z, Huang B, Malinowski P, Wang W, Song T, Sanchez J, Yao W, Xiao D, Zhu X, May A F, Wu W, Cobden D H, Chu J H, Xu X D 2018 Nat. Mater. 17 778
Google Scholar
[58] Kim D, Park S, Lee J, Yoon J, Joo S, Kim T, Min K, Park S Y, Kim C, Moon K W, Lee C, Hong J, Hwang C 2019 Nanotechnology 30 245701
Google Scholar
[59] Xu J, Phelan W A, Chien C L 2019 Nano Lett. 19 8250
Google Scholar
[60] Park S Y, Kim D S, Liu Y, Hwang J, Kim Y, Kim W, Kim J Y, Petrovic C, Hwang C, Mo S K, Kim H, Min B C, Koo H C, Chang J, Jang C, Choi J W, Ryu H 2020 Nano Lett. 20 95
Google Scholar
[61] Cao Y, Fatemi V, Fang S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kaxiras E, Jarillo-Herrero P 2018 Nature 556 43
Google Scholar
[62] Gibertini M, Koperski M, Morpurgo A F, Novoselov K S 2019 Nat. Nanotechnol. 14 408
Google Scholar
[63] Huang B, Clark G, Klein D R, MacNeill D, Navarro-Moratalla E, Seyler K L, Wilson N, McGuire M A, Cobden D H, Xiao D, Yao W, Jarillo-Herrero P, Xu X D 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 544
Google Scholar
[64] Jiang S, Li L, Wang Z, Mak K F, Shan J 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 549
Google Scholar
[65] Lin X, Yang W, Wang K L, Zhao W 2019 Nat. Electron. 2 274
Google Scholar
[66] Bonilla M, Kolekar S, Ma Y, Diaz H C, Kalappattil V, Das R, Eggers T, Gutierrez H R, Phan M H, Batzill M 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 289
Google Scholar
[67] O’Hara D J, Zhu T, Trout A H, Ahmed A S, Luo Y K, Lee C H, Brenner M R, Rajan S, Gupta J A, McComb D W, Kawakami R K 2018 Nano Lett. 18 3125
Google Scholar
[68] Wang Z, Zhang T, Ding M, Dong B, Li Y, Chen M, Li X, Huang J, Wang H, Zhao X, Li Y, Li D, Jia C, Sun L, Guo H, Ye Y, Sun D, Chen Y, Yang T, Zhang J, Ono S, Han Z, Zhang Z D 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 554
Google Scholar
[69] Verzhbitskiy I A, Kurebayashi H, Cheng H, Zhou J, Khan S, Feng Y P, Eda G 2020 Nat. Electron. 3 460
Google Scholar
[70] Seo J, Kim D Y, An E S, Kim K, Kim G Y, Hwang S Y, Kim D W, Jang B G, Kim H, Eom G, Seo S Y, Stania R, Muntwiler M, Lee J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Jo Y J, Lee J, Min B Il, Jo M H, Yeom H W, Choi S Y, Shim J H, Kim J S 2020 Sci. Adv. 6 eaay8912
Google Scholar
[71] Yang M, Li Q, Chopdekar R V, Stan C, Cabrini S, Choi J W, Wang S, Wang T, Gao N, Scholl A, Tamura N, Hwang C, Wang F, Qiu Z Q 2020 Adv. Quantum Technol. 3 2000017
Google Scholar
[72] Li Q, Yang M, Gong C, Chopdekar R V, N’Diaye A T, Turner J, Chen G, Scholl A, Shafer P, Arenholz E, Schmid A K, Wang S, Liu K, Gao N, Admasu A S, Cheong S W, Hwang C, Li J, Wang F, Zhang X, Qiu Z Q 2018 Nano Lett. 18 5974
Google Scholar
[73] Liu S, Yang K, Liu W, Zhang E, Li Z, Zhang X, Liao Z, Zhang W, Sun J, Yang Y, Gao H, Huang C, Ai L, Wong P K J, Wee A T S, N’Diaye A T, Morton S A, Kou X, Zou J, Xu Y, Wu H, Xiu F X 2019 Natl. Sci. Rev. 7 745
[74] Dong X J, You J Y, Zhang Z, Gu B, Su G 2020 Phys. Rev. B 102 144443
Google Scholar
[75] Kou X, Fan Y, Wang K L 2019 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 128 2
Google Scholar
[76] Yu J, Wu W, Wang Y, Zhu K, Zeng X, Chen Y, Liu Y, Yin C, Cheng S, Lai Y, He K, Xue Q 2020 Appl. Phys. Lett. 116 141603
Google Scholar
[77] Katmis F, Lauter V, Nogueira F S, Assaf B A, Jamer M E, Wei P, Satpati B, Freeland J W, Eremin I, Heiman D, Jarillo-Herrero P, Moodera J S 2016 Nature 533 513
Google Scholar
[78] Wang Z, Sapkota D, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Mandrus D, Morpurgo A F 2018 Nano Lett. 18 4303
Google Scholar
[79] Albarakati S, Tan C, Chen Z J, Partridge J G, Zheng G, Farrar L, Mayes E L H, Field M R, Lee C, Wang Y, Xiong Y, Tian M, Xiang F, Hamilton A R, Tretiakov O A, Culcer D, Zhao Y J, Wang L 2019 Sci. Adv. 5 eaaw0409
Google Scholar
DownLoad:
Catalog
Metrics
- Abstract views: 15931
- PDF Downloads: 1360
- Cited By: 0
