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Currently, low-dimensional materials are a hot spot in the field of thermoelectric research, because the thermoelectric properties will be significantly improved after the low-dimensionalization of bulk materials. In a bulk material, its thermoelectric figure of merit ZT value cannot be increased by changing a single parameter, because the parameters of the material are interrelated to each other, which is not conducive to the research of internal factors and thus limiting the efficiency of thermoelectric material, but thermoelectric material on a micro-nano scale is more flexible to adjust its thermoelectric figure of merit ZT value. There are many different kinds of methods of implementing the low-dimensionalization of bulk materials. In this paper, size-controllable Si micro/nanobelts are prepared based on semiconductor micromachining and focused ion beam (FIB) technology, and the thermoelectric properties of Si micro/nanobelts of different sizes are comprehensively studied by the micro-suspension structure method. In this experiment, we find that the conductivity of doped Si micro/nanobelt is significantly better than that of bulk Si material, that as the width of the Si micro/nanobelt decreases, the thermal conductivity of the material decreases significantly, from 148 W/(m·K) of bulk silicon to 17.75 W/(m·K) of 800 nm wide Si micro-nanobelt, that the Seebeck coefficient of the material is lower than that of the corresponding bulkmaterials. The decrease of thermal conductivity is mainly due to the boundary effect caused by the size reduction, which leads the phonon boundary scattering to increase, and thus significantly inhibiting the behavior of phonon transmission in the Si material, thereby further affecting the transmission and conversion of thermal energy in the material. At 373 K, the maximum ZT value of the 800 nm wide Si micro/nanobelt reaches ～0.056, which is about 6 times larger than that of bulk silicon. And as the width of the Si micronanobelt is further reduced, the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT value will be further improved, making Si material an effective thermoelectric material. The FIB processing technology provides a new preparation scheme for improving the thermoelectric performances of Si materials in the future, and this manufacturing technology can also be applied to the low-dimensional preparation of other materials. -
Keywords:
- thermoelectric performance /
- suspended structure /
- thermal conductivity /
- boundary scattering
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图 1 Si微/纳米带的制备流程 (a) SOI晶圆片; (b) 顶层硅刻蚀; (c) 埋氧层刻蚀; (d) 气态HF释放
Figure 1. Si micro/nanobelt preparation process: (a) SOI wafer; (b) top silicon etching; (c) buried oxide layer etching; (d) gaseous HF release.
图 2 FIB切割过程 (a) 制造过程中的横截面图; (b) 悬浮Si的SEM图
Figure 2. Process of the FIB milling: (a) Cross sectional view of fabrication process; (b) SEM image of the released freestanding Si.
图 3 微悬空结构的制备流程 (a) LPCVD生长低应力氮化硅; (b) 金属剥离制备蛇形电阻和引出电极; (c) RIE刻蚀氮化硅; (d) 悬空结构的最终释放
Figure 3. Micro-suspension structure preparation process: (a) LPCVD growth of low-stress silicon nitride; (b) metal stripping to prepare serpentine resistors and lead electrodes; (c) RIE etching of silicon nitride; (d) release of final suspended structure.
图 4 悬空结构的SEM图 (a) 悬空结构整体的SEM图; (b) 悬空部分在52° 倾角下的近景SEM图; (c) 微设备的伪彩色SEM图
Figure 4. SEM images of the suspended structure: (a) SEM image of the whole suspended structure; (b) close-up SEM image of the suspended part at 52° inclination; (c) false colour SEM picture of the microdevice.
图 5 (a) 纳米探针与Si微/纳米带接触过程; (b) 通过Pt金属焊接, 将Si微/纳米带从原本的位置转移走; (c) 纳米探针把Si微/纳米带转移到悬空结构上的过程; (d) 通过Pt金属焊接, 将Si微/纳米带固定在悬空岛两端; (e) 样品1, Si微/纳米带的宽度为2000 nm; (f) 样品2, Si微/纳米带的宽度为800 nm
Figure 5. (a) Contact process between nanoprobe and Si micro/nanobelt; (b) transfer the Si micro/nanobelt from its original position by Pt metal welding; (c) process of transferring the Si micro/nanobelt to the suspended structure by the nanoprobe; (d) fix the Si micro/nanobelt on both ends of the suspended island by Pt metal welding; (e) Sample 1, where the width of the Si micro/nanobelt is 2000 nm; (f) Sample 2, where the width of the Si micro/nanobelt is 800 nm.
图 6 (a) Pt电阻随温度的变化; (b) Pt电阻随温度的相对变化, R0为303 K时Pt电阻的阻值
Figure 6. (a) Change of Pt resistance with temperature; (b) relative change of Pt resistance with temperature, where R0 is the resistance value of the Pt resistance at 303 K.
图 7 (a) 样品电阻随温度的变化; (b) 样品电阻率随温度的变化
Figure 7. (a) Change of samples’ resistance with temperature; (b) change of sample resistivity with temperature.
图 8 (a) 引线电阻随温度的变化; (b) 样品塞贝克系数随温度的变化. Seebeck系数的不确定性为5%
Figure 8. (a) Change of wires’ resistance with temperature; (b) change of samples’ Seebeck coefficient with temperature. The uncertainty of Seebeck coefficient is 5%.
图 9 (a) 样品在不同温度下的热导率值, 插点为文献值; (b) 样品在不同温度下的ZT值, 其中热导率和ZT值的不确定性分别为8%和13%
Figure 9. (a) Thermal conductivity value of the sample at different temperatures, where the interpolation point is literature values; (b) ZT value of the samples at different temperatures. The uncertainty of thermal conductivity and ZT value are 8% and 13%, respectively.
表 1 不同样品的尺寸参数
Table 1. Size parameters of different samples.
宽度/nm 厚度/nm 长度/µm Sample 1 2000 220 5 Sample 2 800 220 3 
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[1] Zhou Y, Guo Z, He J 2020 Appl. Phys. Lett. 116 043904
Google Scholar
[2] 袁国才, 陈曦, 黄雨阳, 毛俊西, 禹劲秋, 雷晓波, 张勤勇 2019 物理学报 68 117201
Google Scholar
Yuan G C, Chen X, Huang Y Y, Mao J X, Yu J Q, Lei X B, Zhang Q Y 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 117201
Google Scholar
[3] 邹平, 吕丹, 徐桂英 2020 物理学报 69 057201
Google Scholar
Zou P, Lv D, Xu G Y 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 057201
Google Scholar
[4] Snyder G J, Toberer E S 2008 Nat. Mater. 7 105
Google Scholar
[5] Vining C B 2009 Nat. Mater. 8 83
Google Scholar
[6] Sales B C, Mandrus D, Williams R K 1996 Science 272 1325
Google Scholar
[7] Kim H S, Liu W, Chen G, Chu C W, Ren Z 2015 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112 8205
Google Scholar
[8] Goldsmid H J, Douglas R W 1954 Br. J. Appl. Phys. 5 386
Google Scholar
[9] Zhao H, Sun X, Zhu Z, Zhong W, Song D, Lu W, Tao L 2020 J. Semicond. 41 081001
Google Scholar
[10] Cai X, Han X, Zhao C, Niu C, Jia Y 2020 J. Semicond. 41 081002
Google Scholar
[11] Castenmiller C, Zandvliet H J W 2020 J. Semicond. 41 082003
Google Scholar
[12] Boukai A I, Bunimovich Y, Tahir-Kheli J, Yu J K, Goddard W A III, Heath J R 2008 Nature 451 168
Google Scholar
[13] Hochbaum A I, Chen R, Delgado R D, Liang W, Garnett E C, Najarian M, Majumdar A, Yang P 2008 Nature 451 163
Google Scholar
[14] Zhang Y, Su Q, Zhu J, Koirala S, Koester S J, Wang X 2020 Appl. Phys. Lett. 116 202101
Google Scholar
[15] Pettes M T, Jo I, Yao Z, Shi L 2011 Nano Lett. 11 1195
Google Scholar
[16] Liu H, Yang C, Wei B, Jin L, Alatas A, Said A, Tongay S, Yang F, Javey A, Hong J, Wu J 2020 Adv. Sci. 7 1902071
Google Scholar
[17] Shrestha R, Luan Y, Shin S, Zhang T, Luo X, Lundh J S, Gong W, Bockstaller M R, Choi S, Luo T, Chen R, Hippalgaonkar K, Shen S 2019 Sci. Adv. 5 eaax3777
Google Scholar
[18] Choe H S, Prabhakar R, Wehmeyer G, Allen F I, Lee W, Jin L, Li Y, Yang P, Qiu C W, Dames C, Scott M, Minor A, Bahk J H, Wu J 2019 Nano Lett. 19 3830
Google Scholar
[19] Choe H S, Li J, Zheng W, Lee J, Suh J, Allen F I, Liu H, Choi H J, Walukiewicz W, Zheng H, Wu J 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 114 152101
Google Scholar
[20] Park J, Bae K, Kim T R, Perez C, Sood A, Asheghi M, Goodson K E, Park W 2021 Adv. Sci. 8 2002876
Google Scholar
[21] Zhao Y, Zheng M, Wu J, Huang B, Thong J T L 2020 Nanotechnol. 31 225702
Google Scholar
[22] Madarasz F L, Lang J E, Szmulowicz F 1981 J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 2692
Google Scholar
[23] Wada H, Kamijoh T 1996 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35 L648
Google Scholar
[24] Asheghi M, Kurabayashi K, Kasnavi R, Goodson K E 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 91 5079
Google Scholar
[25] Li D, Wu Y, Kim P, Shi L, Yang P, Majumdar A 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 2934
Google Scholar
[26] Alaie S, Goettler D F, Jiang Y B, Abbas K, Baboly M G, Anjum D H, Chaieb S, Leseman Z C 2015 Nanotechnol. 26 085704
Google Scholar
[27] Shrestha R, Li P, Chatterjee B, Zheng T, Wu X, Liu Z, Luo T, Choi S, Hippalgaonkar K, de Boer M P, Shen S 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 1664
Google Scholar
[28] Alaie S, Goettler D F, Abbas K, Su M F, Reinke C M, El-Kady I, Leseman Z C 2013 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84 105003
Google Scholar
[29] Li D, Wu Y, Fan R, Yang P, Majumdar A 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 3186
Google Scholar
[30] Mavrokefalos A, Pettes M T, Zhou F, Shi L 2007 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78 034901
Google Scholar
[31] Roh J, Hippalgaonkar K, Kang J, Lee S, Ham J, Chen R, Majumdar A, Kim W, Lee W 2010 3rd International Nanoelectronics Conference (INEC) January 3–8, 2010, Hong Kong, China p633
[32] Lee S, Yang F, Suh J, Yang S, Lee Y, Li G, Sung Choe H, Suslu A, Chen Y, Ko C, Park J, Liu K, Li J, Hippalgaonkar K, Urban J J, Tongay S, Wu J 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8573
Google Scholar
[33] Shi L, Li D Y, Yu C H, Jang W Y, Kim D, Yao Z, Kim P, Majumdar A 2003 J. Heat Transfer 125 881
Google Scholar
[34] An T H, Lim Y S, Park M J, Tak J Y, Lee S, Cho H K, Cho J Y, Park C, Seo W S 2016 APL Mater. 4 104812
Google Scholar
[35] Tang J, Wang H T, Lee D H, Fardy M, Huo Z, Russell T P, Yang P 2010 Nano Lett. 10 4279
Google Scholar
[36] Wingert M C, Chen Z C Y, Dechaumphai E, Moon J, Kim J H, Xiang J, Chen A R 2011 Nano Lett. 11 5507
Google Scholar
[37] Haras M, Lacatena V, Morini F, Robillard J F, Monfray S, Skotnicki T, Dubois E 2014 IEEE International Electr on Devices Meeting (IEDM) December 15–17, 2014, San Francisco, CA, USA p8.5.1
[38] Lim J, Wang H T, Tang J, Andrews S C, So H, Lee J, Lee D H, Russell T P, Yang P 2016 ACS Nano 10 124
Google Scholar
[39] Holland M G 1963 Phys. Rev. 132 2461
Google Scholar
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