Influence of laser induced sintering on contact performance of TOPCon solar cells

Xie Yi-Bo; Fang Chao-Yan; Chen De-Shuang; He Yue; Huang Shi-Hua

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20241372

Abstract

Laser induced sintering, also known as laser enhanced contact optimization (LECO), can significantly reduce the contact resistance between metal electrodes and silicon in TOPCon solar cells, thereby improving its efficiency. In this work, the effects of LECO process parameters such as reverse bias and laser intensity on the performance of TOPCon solar cells are investigated and their influencing mechanisms are analyzed in detail. In the LECO process, as the reverse bias voltage increases, the efficiency of the solar cell first increases and then decreases, while the contact resistivity first decreases and then increases. When the reverse bias voltage is high, the solar cell may experience reverse breakdown. Once the solar cell experiences reverse breakdown, both the illuminated and non-illuminated areas become conducting. Due to the current diversion effect, the local conducting current density in the illuminated area is much lower than the current density without reverse breakdown of the solar cell, Therefore, the Joule heating caused by this is also much smaller, and the contact resistance between the metal and silicon increases, resulting in a decrease in the efficiency of the solar cell.Secondly, the influence of secondary high-temperature sintering and secondary LECO on the performance of TOPCon is studied. When the secondary sintering temperature increases from 280 ℃ to 680 ℃, the efficiency of TOPCon sharply decreases from 26.35% to 1.3%. However, by subjecting the solar cells that have undergone secondary high-temperature sintering to secondary LECO treatment, the efficiency can be restored to the level before the secondary high-temperature sintering. Thirdly, TOPCon solar cells prepared using improved pure silver paste does not form effective metal-semiconductor contact between the silver electrode and silicon before LECO treatment, resulting in an average efficiency of only 0.02%. However, after LECO treatment, the efficiency of solar cells using pure silver paste increases to 26.35%, which is 0.41% higher than the reference solar cells using traditional silver aluminum paste. Fourthly, a physical model of LECO induced silver-silicon contact formation is proposed, providing a reasonable explanation for how secondary high-temperature sintering and secondary LECO treatment affect the performance of TOPCon. This is of great significance for further understanding and optimizing the application of LECO technology in TOPCon solar cells.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
2.
Hengdian Group DMEGC Magnetics Co., Ltd., Jinhua 322118, China

Corresponding author: He Yue, hey@dmegc.com.cn ; Huang Shi-Hua, huangshihua@zjnu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province, China (Grant No. 2021C01006).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 (a) TOPCon电池的结构示意图; (b) TOPCon电池制备工艺流程示意图; (c) LECO工艺原理示意图, 激光在电池片局部诱导产生的高密度光生载流子(电子和空穴), 在反向偏压下向电池金属电极接触点迁移, 并在接触界面处产生大的电流密度

Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of TOPCon solar cells; (b) schematic diagram of preparation process for TOPCon solar cells; (c) schematic diagram of LECO process principle. The high-density photogenerated carriers (electrons and holes) induced by laser in the local area of the solar cells migrate towards the contact point of the metal electrode under reverse bias, and generate a large current density at the contact interface.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a) 两条金属副栅线之间测量的简单等效电路; (b) TLM方法中电阻与电极间距的函数关系; (c) TLM方法的测试结构

Figure 2. (a) Simple equivalent circuit for measurements between two metal subgate lines; (b) resistance as a function of electrode spacing in TLM method; (c) test structure of TLM method.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a) 反向偏压对电池效率与接触电阻率的影响; (b) 反向偏压对开路电压与填充因子的影响; (c) 激光光强对电池效率与填充因子的影响; (d) 激光光强对开路电压与短路电流的影响

Figure 3. (a) Influence of reverse bias on cell efficiency and contact resistivity; (b) influence of reverse bias on open circuit voltage and fill factor; (c) influence of laser intensity on efficiency and fill factor; (d) influence of laser intensity open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 TOPCon电池在暗态下的I-V曲线

Figure 4. I-V curves of TOPCon solar cells in the dark state.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a), (b)二次烧结温度对电池效率与填充因子、开路电压与短路电流的影响; (c), (d) 二次烧结温度以及随后的二次LECO工艺对接触电阻、电池效率的影响

Figure 5. (a), (b) Influence of secondary sintering temperature on efficiency and filling factor, open circuit voltage and short circuit current; (c), (d) influences of secondary firing temperature and subsequent secondary LECO process on contact resistivity, efficiency of solar cells

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 二次烧结温度(a)以及随后的二次LECO工艺(b)对电池EL图像的影响

Figure 6. Influences of secondary firing temperature (a) and subsequent secondary LECO process (b) on EL images of solar cells.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 不同浆料在经过LECO工艺前后对电池效率影响

Figure 7. Influence of different slurries on the efficiency of solar cells before and after LECO process.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 样品A, B, C的微观结构　(a) 样品A的SEM图像; (b) 样品A的局部SEM图像; (c)图(b)的FIB-SEM截面图; (d)样品B的SEM图像; (e) 样品B的FIB-SEM截面图; (f)图(e)的EDS图谱; (g)样品C的SEM图像; (h) 样品C的FIB-SEM截面图; (i)图(h)的EDS图谱

Figure 8. Microstructure of samples A, B, C: (a) SEM image of sample A; (b) FIB-SEM cross-section of sample A; (c) EDS pattern of panel (b); (d) SEM image of sample B; (e) FIB-SEM cross-section of sample B; (f) EDS pattern of panel (e); (g) SEM image of sample C; (h) FIB-SEM cross-section; (i) EDS pattern of panel (h).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 不同浆料在经过LECO工艺后对电池性能的影响

Table 1. Influence of different slurries on the performance of solar cells after LECO process.

V_OC/mV J_SC/(mA·cm^–2) FF E_ff/%

传统银铝浆料 740 42.03 0.834 25.94
改良后纯银浆料 743 42.05 0.844 26.35

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Feldmann F, Bivour M, Reichel C, Hermle M, Glunz S W 2014 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 120 270 Google Scholar
[2]	Richter A, Müller R, Benick J 2021 Nat. Energy 6 429 Google Scholar
[3]	Anderson C L, Nemeth W, Guthrey H 2023 Adv. Energy Mater. 13 2203579 Google Scholar
[4]	Römer U, Peibst R, Ohrdes T, Lim B, Krügener J, Bugiel E, Wietler T, Brendel R 2014 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 131 85 Google Scholar
[5]	Haase F, Hollemann C, Schäfer S, Merkle A, Rienäcker M, Krügener J, Brendel R, Peibst R 2018 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 186 184 Google Scholar
[6]	Hermle M, Feldmann F, Bivour M, Goldschmidt J C, Glunz S W 2020 Appl. Phys. Rev. 7 021305 Google Scholar
[7]	肖友鹏, 高超, 王涛, 周浪 2017 物理学报 66 66 158801 Google Scholar Xiao Y P, Gao C, Wang T, Zhou L 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 158801 Google Scholar
[8]	任程超, 周佳凯, 刘璋, 赵颖, 张晓丹, 侯国付 2021 物理学报 70 178401 Google Scholar Ren C C, Zhou J K, Zhang B Y, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang X D, Hou G F 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 178401 Google Scholar
[9]	Yan D, Cuevas A, Michel J, Zhang C, Wan Y M, Zhang X Y, Bullock J 2021 Joule 5 811 Google Scholar
[10]	Glunz S W, Steinhauser B, Polzin J, Luderer C, Grübel B, Niewelt T, Okasha A, Bories M, Nagel H, Krieg K, Feldmann F, Richter A, Bivour M, Hermle M 2021 Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl 31 341 Google Scholar
[11]	Richter A, Benick J, Feldmann F, Fell A, Hermle M, Glunz S W 2017 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 173 96 Google Scholar
[12]	Steinkemper H, Hermle M, Glunz S W 2014 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 131 46 Google Scholar
[13]	Schmidt J, Peibst R, Brendel R. 2018 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 187 39 Google Scholar
[14]	Zhang X Y, Dumbrell R, Li W Q, Xu M Y, Yan D, Jin J S, Wang Z, Zheng P T, Liu C M, Yang J 2023 Prog. Photovolt.: Res. Appl. 31 369 Google Scholar
[15]	VDMA 2023 International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic p60
[16]	https://ir.jinkosolar.com/news-releases/news-release-details/jinkosolars-high-efficiency-n-type-monocrystalline-silicon-3 [2023-10-23]
[17]	Wang Q Q, Guo K Y, Yuan L, Li L Z, Peng H, Li B R, Wang A L, Zhang L Z, Wu W P, Ding J N, Yuan N Y 2023 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 253 112231 Google Scholar
[18]	Allen T G, Bullock J, Yang X, Javey A, Wolf S D 2019 Nat. Energy 4 914 Google Scholar
[19]	Cuevas A, Wan Y M, Yan D, Samundsett C, Allen T, Zhang X, Cui J, Bullock J 2018 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 184 38 Google Scholar
[20]	Riegel S, Mutter F, Lauermann T, Terheiden B, Hahn G 2012 Energy Proc. 21 14 Google Scholar
[21]	Fritz S, Konig M, Riegel S, Herguth A, Horteis M, Hahn G 2015 IEEE J. Photovoltaics 5 145 Google Scholar
[22]	Kumar P, Pfeffer M, Willsch B, Eibl O, Koduvelikulathu L J, Mihailetchi L J, Kopecek R 2016 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 157 200 Google Scholar
[23]	Urban T, Heimann M, Schmid A, Mette A, Heitmann J 2015 Energy Proc. 77 420 Google Scholar
[24]	Aoyama T, Aoki M, Sumita I, Yoshino Y, Ogura A 2016 Energy Proc. 98 106 Google Scholar
[25]	Fritz S, Emre E, Engelhardt J, Ebert S, Nowak N, Booth J, Hahn G 2016 Energy Proc. 92 925 Google Scholar
[26]	Mack S, Schube J, Fellmeth T, Feldmann F, Lenes M, Luchies J 2017 Phys. Rapid Res. Lett. 11 1700334 Google Scholar
[27]	Kiefer F, Krugener J, Heinemeyer F, Osten H J, Brendel R, Peibst R 2016 IEEE J. Photovoltaics 6 1175 Google Scholar
[28]	Liang L, Li Z G, Cheng L K, Takeda N, Carroll A F 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 117 215102 Google Scholar
[29]	Fritz S, Engelhardt J, Ebert S, Hahn G 2016 Phys. Status Solidi RRL 10 305 Google Scholar
[30]	Mayberry R, Myers K, Chandrasekaran V, Henning A, Zhao H, Hofmüller E 2019 36th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition Marseille, France, September 9–13, 2019
[31]	Krassowski E, Großer S, Turek M, Henning A, Zhao H 2021 AIP Conf. Proc. 2367 020005 Google Scholar
[32]	Fellmeth T, Höffler H, Mack S, Krassowski E, Krieg K, Kafle B, Greulich J 2022 Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 30 1393 Google Scholar
[33]	Fan Y, Zou S, Zeng Y L, Dai L F, Wang Z P, Lu Z, Sun H, Zhou X S, Liao B C, Su X D 2024 Solar RRL 8 2400268 Google Scholar
[34]	Dasgupta S, Ok Y W, Upadhyaya V D, Choi W J, Huang Y Y, Duttagupta Y, Rohatgi A 2022 IEEE J. Photovoltaics 12 1282 Google Scholar
[35]	Kuruganti V V, Isabella O, Mihailetchi V D 2024 Phys. Status Solidi A 221 2300820 Google Scholar
[36]	Höffler H, Fellmeth T, Maischner F, Greulich J, Krassowski E, Henning A 2022 AIP Conf. Proc. 2487 110001 Google Scholar
[37]	Großer S, Krassowski E, Swatek S, Zhao H, Hagendorf C 2022 IEEE J. Photovolt. 12 26 Google Scholar
[38]	Höffler H, Simon F, Krassowski E, Greulich J 2022 AIP Conference Proceedings 2826 040002 Google Scholar

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