Ghost imaging method based on blind noise estimation and iterative filtering denoising

ZHOU Yang; YANG Yang; ZHAO Jiale; CHU Wei; XU Yanlei; ZHANG Wenying

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250544

Abstract

This paper introduces an adaptive blind noise dynamic filtering for ghost imaging reconstruction (ABNDF-GIR), a novel method of optimizing ghost imaging data with a limited number of measurements, significantly improving image quality and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). To address the challenges of noise and undersampling, we first enhance the stability of the measurement matrix by using pseudoinversion and a unit matrix, and calculate correction terms for bucket detector observations to optimize the reconstruction process. A balanced all-one column vector is used as the initial value to accelerate convergence. For iterative computation, we propose a novel filtering and denoising technique, the adaptive denoising window-based guided filtering with BM3D (ADW-BG), which integrates blind noise estimation, block matching and 3D filtering, and guided filtering. This dynamic filtering method effectively preserves important details during each iteration, and can achieve high-quality target reconstruction even with fewer measurements. Extensive simulations and experimental results verify that our method is significantly superior to traditional filtering methods and various compressiv sensing algorithms, especially in edge preservation and texture detail enhancement. The proposed technique provides a key technical advancement for the application of ghost imaging in fields such as remote sensing and medical imaging, showing significant advantages in real-world imaging scenarios.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Information and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
2.
School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
3.
Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Quantum Information Technology, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China

Corresponding author: XU Yanlei, yanleixu@jlau.edu.cn ; ZHANG Wenying, zhangwy@jlenu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology, China (Grant No. 2022YFC2203901) and the Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology Free Exploration Basic Research, China (Grant No. YDZJ202301ZYTS408).

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References

[1]	Klyshko D N 1988 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 94 82
[2]	Pittman T B, Shih Y, Strekalov D, Sergienko A V 1995 Phys. Rev. A 52 R3429 Google Scholar
[3]	Cheng J, Han S 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 093903 Google Scholar
[4]	Cao D Z, Xiong J, Wang K 2005 Phys. Rev. A 71 013801 Google Scholar
[5]	Zhao C, Gong W, Chen M, Li E, Wang H, Xu W, Han S 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 141123 Google Scholar
[6]	Deng C, Gong W, Han S 2016 Opt. Express 24 25983 Google Scholar
[7]	Wang C, Mei X, Pan L, Wang P, Li W, Gao X, Bo Z, Chen M, Gong W, Han S 2018 Remote Sens. 10 732 Google Scholar
[8]	Huang X, Xu Y, Bai Y, Fu X 2023 Opt. Lett. 48 5543 Google Scholar
[9]	Zhang L, Wang X, Zhou Q, Xue J, Xu B 2024 Opt. Express 32 4242 Google Scholar
[10]	Ma J, Li Z, Zhao S, Wang L 2023 Opt. Express 31 11717 Google Scholar
[11]	Huang W, Tan W, Qin H, Wang J, Huang Z, Huang X, Fu X, Bai Y 2023 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 40 1696 Google Scholar
[12]	Wang Y, Wang X, Gao C, Yu Z, Wang H, Zhao H, Yao Z 2024 Sensors 24 4197 Google Scholar
[13]	Ferri F, Magatti D, Lugiato L, Gatti A 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 253603 Google Scholar
[14]	Sun B, Welsh S S, Edgar M P, Shapiro J H, Padgett M J 2012 Opt. Express 20 16892 Google Scholar
[15]	Li M, Zhang Y, Luo K, Wu L, Fan H 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 033813 Google Scholar
[16]	Zhang J, Zhao D, Li Y, Liu Y, Sun M, Li X, Yu Z, Zhou X 2023 Appl. Opt. 62 7678 Google Scholar
[17]	白旭, 李永强, 赵生妹 2013 物理学报 62 044209 Google Scholar Bai X, Li Y Q, Zhao S M 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 044209 Google Scholar
[18]	Wang L, Zhao S M 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 024204 Google Scholar
[19]	Zhang C, Guo S, Cao J, Guan J, Gao F 2014 Opt. Express 22 30063 Google Scholar
[20]	Gong W 2015 Photonics Res. 3 234 Google Scholar
[21]	Yao X, Yu W, Liu X, Li L, Li M, Wu L, Zhai G 2014 Opt. Express 22 24268 Google Scholar
[22]	Li G, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Yan R, Liu X, Liu B 2017 Laser Phys. Lett. 14 025207 Google Scholar
[23]	张海鹏, 赵昌哲, 鞠晓璐, 汤杰, 肖体乔 2022 物理学报 71 074201 Google Scholar Zhang H P, Zhao C Z, Ju X L, Tang J, Xiao T Q 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 074201 Google Scholar
[24]	Chen L, Wang C, Xiao X, Ren C, Zhang D, Li Z, Cao D 2022 Opt. Express 30 6248 Google Scholar
[25]	Wu H, Wang C, Gong W 2018 Opt. Express 26 4183 Google Scholar
[26]	Xu C, Li D, Fan X, Lin B, Guo K, Yin Z, Guo Z 2023 Phys. Scr. 98 065011 Google Scholar
[27]	Kataoka S, Mizutani Y, Uenohara T, Takaya Y, Matoba O 2022 Appl. Opt. 61 10126 Google Scholar
[28]	Zhou C, Liu X, Feng Y, Li X, Wang G, Sun H, Huang H, Song L 2022 Opt. Lasers Eng. 156 107101 Google Scholar
[29]	Fan Y, Bai Y, Fu Q, Zhang R, Zhou L, Zhu X, Zou X, Fu X 2024 Opt. Commun. 566 130684 Google Scholar
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[31]	Zhou C, Feng D, Wang G, Huang J, Huang H, Liu X, Li X, Feng Y, Sun H, Song L 2023 Opt. Express 31 25013 Google Scholar
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[35]	He K, Sun J, Tang X 2012 IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 35 1397
[36]	Liu X, Jing X Y, Tang G, Wu F, Ge Q 2017 Signal Process. 135 239 Google Scholar
[37]	Izadi S, Sutton D, Hamarneh G 2023 Artif. Intell. Rev. 56 5929 Google Scholar
[38]	Liu X, Tanaka M, Okutomi M 2013 IEEE Trans. Image Process. 22 5226 Google Scholar
[39]	Lei T, Zhang R, Ma Y, Ding X, Wu Y, Shiyong W 2024 Opt. Commun. 550 130023 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 基于赝热光源的鬼成像原理示意图. BS表示分束棱镜, PC表示计算机, $ {z}_{1} $表示目标与光源之间的距离, $ {z}_{2} $表示CCD与光源之间的距离

Figure 1. Principle of ghost imaging using pseudo-thermal light source. BS represents the beam splitter, PC represents the computer, $ {z}_{1} $ denotes the distance between the target and the light source, $ {z}_{2} $ denotes the distance between the CCD and the light source.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 ABNDF-GIR方法的示意图. 蓝色部分计算桶探测器观测值的修正项, 黄色部分涵盖了目标重建的迭代计算过程, 绿色部分展示了用于目标重建和噪声抑制的ADW-BG方法, 红色部分为迭代停止准则

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the ABNDF-GIR method. The blue section calculates correction terms for bucket detector observations, the yellow section covers the iterative computation process of compressed sensing ghost imaging, the green section presents the proposed ADW-BG method for target reconstruction and noise reduction, and the red section assesses the iterative stopping condition.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 含噪图像噪声水平盲估计原理示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of blind estimation for noise level in noisy image.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 不同滤波方法的迭代重建“Airplane”二值图像结果　(a)原始图像; (b)—(f)分别为采用BF, NLF, BM3D, GF和ADW-BG方法在迭代算法中得到的重建图像

Figure 4. Iterative reconstruction results of the “Airplane” binary image using different filtering methods: (a) Original image; (b)–(f) the reconstructed images obtained using BF, NLF, BM3D, GF, and ADW-BG methods, respectively, in the iterative algorithm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 不同滤波方法下“Dinosaur”灰度图像的迭代重建结果　(a)原始图像; (b)—(f)分别为采用BF, NLF, BM3D, GF和ADW-BG方法重建的图像

Figure 5. Iterative reconstruction results of the grayscale target “Dinosaur” using different filtering methods: (a) Original image; (b)–(f) the images reconstructed using the BF, NLF, BM3D, GF, and ADW-BG methods, respectively.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 不同测量次数N下, 各滤波方法迭代重建结果的PSNR值比较

Figure 6. Comparison of PSNR values for reconstruction results using different filtering methods in iterative operations under varying measurement numbers N.

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图 7 使用不同鬼成像目标重建方法的重建结果比较　(a), (a1), (a2)和(a3)分别展示了原始目标: “Double Slit”, “Expression”, “TOP”和“Car”; (b), (b1), (b2)和(b3)展示了使用OMP方法的重建结果; (c), (c1), (c2)和(c3)展示了使用TVAL3方法的重建结果; 图(d), (d1), (d2)和(d3)展示了本文方法的重建结果

Figure 7. Comparison of reconstruction results using different ghost imaging target reconstruction methods. Panels (a), (a1), (a2), and (a3) display the original targets: “Double Slit,” “Expression,” “TOP,” and “Car,” respectively. Panels (b), (b1), (b2), and (b3) present the reconstruction results using OMP; panels (c), (c1), (c2), and (c3) showcase the reconstruction results using TVAL3; and panels (d), (d1), (d2), and (d3) demonstrate the reconstruction results of our method.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 不同重建算法在“Double Slit”图像第64行上的像素值对比曲线. “Original”表示原始目标图像的像素值曲线

Figure 8. Comparison curve of pixel values in the 64th row of the “Double-Slit” image for different reconstruction algorithms. “Original” refers to the curve of pixel values for the original target.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 不同重建方法在不同SNR条件下的PSNR值比较

Figure 9. Comparison of PSNR values of different reconstruction methods under various SNR conditions.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 不同重建方法在不同测量次数下的重建目标可视化比较

Figure 10. Visualization comparison of reconstruction targets for different reconstruction methods at varying measurement numbers.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 不同目标重建中不同滤波方法的PSNR值对比

Table 1. PSNR values for different filtering methods in the reconstruction of various targets.

BF/dB NLF/dB BM3D/dB GF/dB ADW-BG/dB

“Airplane” 19.23 21.58 22.67 24.15 26.16

“Dinosaur” 25.69 25.90 25.98 26.42 27.56

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 不同方法的重建结果PSNR值

Table 2. Reconstruction results in PSNR for different methods.

OMP/dB TVAL3/dB ABNDF-GIR/dB

(a) 21.78 15.89 34.12

(a1) 16.17 17.37 25.41

(a2) 18.25 17.63 30.95

(a3) 22.27 24.38 26.94

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Klyshko D N 1988 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 94 82
[2]	Pittman T B, Shih Y, Strekalov D, Sergienko A V 1995 Phys. Rev. A 52 R3429 Google Scholar
[3]	Cheng J, Han S 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 093903 Google Scholar
[4]	Cao D Z, Xiong J, Wang K 2005 Phys. Rev. A 71 013801 Google Scholar
[5]	Zhao C, Gong W, Chen M, Li E, Wang H, Xu W, Han S 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 141123 Google Scholar
[6]	Deng C, Gong W, Han S 2016 Opt. Express 24 25983 Google Scholar
[7]	Wang C, Mei X, Pan L, Wang P, Li W, Gao X, Bo Z, Chen M, Gong W, Han S 2018 Remote Sens. 10 732 Google Scholar
[8]	Huang X, Xu Y, Bai Y, Fu X 2023 Opt. Lett. 48 5543 Google Scholar
[9]	Zhang L, Wang X, Zhou Q, Xue J, Xu B 2024 Opt. Express 32 4242 Google Scholar
[10]	Ma J, Li Z, Zhao S, Wang L 2023 Opt. Express 31 11717 Google Scholar
[11]	Huang W, Tan W, Qin H, Wang J, Huang Z, Huang X, Fu X, Bai Y 2023 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 40 1696 Google Scholar
[12]	Wang Y, Wang X, Gao C, Yu Z, Wang H, Zhao H, Yao Z 2024 Sensors 24 4197 Google Scholar
[13]	Ferri F, Magatti D, Lugiato L, Gatti A 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 253603 Google Scholar
[14]	Sun B, Welsh S S, Edgar M P, Shapiro J H, Padgett M J 2012 Opt. Express 20 16892 Google Scholar
[15]	Li M, Zhang Y, Luo K, Wu L, Fan H 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 033813 Google Scholar
[16]	Zhang J, Zhao D, Li Y, Liu Y, Sun M, Li X, Yu Z, Zhou X 2023 Appl. Opt. 62 7678 Google Scholar
[17]	白旭, 李永强, 赵生妹 2013 物理学报 62 044209 Google Scholar Bai X, Li Y Q, Zhao S M 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 044209 Google Scholar
[18]	Wang L, Zhao S M 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 024204 Google Scholar
[19]	Zhang C, Guo S, Cao J, Guan J, Gao F 2014 Opt. Express 22 30063 Google Scholar
[20]	Gong W 2015 Photonics Res. 3 234 Google Scholar
[21]	Yao X, Yu W, Liu X, Li L, Li M, Wu L, Zhai G 2014 Opt. Express 22 24268 Google Scholar
[22]	Li G, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Yan R, Liu X, Liu B 2017 Laser Phys. Lett. 14 025207 Google Scholar
[23]	张海鹏, 赵昌哲, 鞠晓璐, 汤杰, 肖体乔 2022 物理学报 71 074201 Google Scholar Zhang H P, Zhao C Z, Ju X L, Tang J, Xiao T Q 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 074201 Google Scholar
[24]	Chen L, Wang C, Xiao X, Ren C, Zhang D, Li Z, Cao D 2022 Opt. Express 30 6248 Google Scholar
[25]	Wu H, Wang C, Gong W 2018 Opt. Express 26 4183 Google Scholar
[26]	Xu C, Li D, Fan X, Lin B, Guo K, Yin Z, Guo Z 2023 Phys. Scr. 98 065011 Google Scholar
[27]	Kataoka S, Mizutani Y, Uenohara T, Takaya Y, Matoba O 2022 Appl. Opt. 61 10126 Google Scholar
[28]	Zhou C, Liu X, Feng Y, Li X, Wang G, Sun H, Huang H, Song L 2022 Opt. Lasers Eng. 156 107101 Google Scholar
[29]	Fan Y, Bai Y, Fu Q, Zhang R, Zhou L, Zhu X, Zou X, Fu X 2024 Opt. Commun. 566 130684 Google Scholar
[30]	Katkovnik V, Astola J 2012 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 29 1556 Google Scholar
[31]	Zhou C, Feng D, Wang G, Huang J, Huang H, Liu X, Li X, Feng Y, Sun H, Song L 2023 Opt. Express 31 25013 Google Scholar
[32]	Tomasi C, Manduchi R 1998 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision Bombay, India, January 7, 1998 p839
[33]	Buades A, Coll B, Morel J M 2005 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition San Diego, CA, USA, June 20–25, 2005 p60
[34]	Dabov K, Foi A, Katkovnik V, Egiazarian K 2007 IEEE Trans. Image Process. 16 2080 Google Scholar
[35]	He K, Sun J, Tang X 2012 IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 35 1397
[36]	Liu X, Jing X Y, Tang G, Wu F, Ge Q 2017 Signal Process. 135 239 Google Scholar
[37]	Izadi S, Sutton D, Hamarneh G 2023 Artif. Intell. Rev. 56 5929 Google Scholar
[38]	Liu X, Tanaka M, Okutomi M 2013 IEEE Trans. Image Process. 22 5226 Google Scholar
[39]	Lei T, Zhang R, Ma Y, Ding X, Wu Y, Shiyong W 2024 Opt. Commun. 550 130023 Google Scholar
[40]	李龙珍, 姚旭日, 刘雪峰, 俞文凯, 翟光杰 2014 物理学报 63 224201 Google Scholar Li L Z, Yao X R, Liu X F, Yu W K, Zhai G J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 224201 Google Scholar

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