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来自地球大气层的伽马射线闪(TGF)常伴随雷暴、闪电活动，现已成为宇宙线物理和大气物理交叉学科中的研究热点。相对论逃逸电子雪崩机制(RREA)被普遍认为可解释卫星和地面实验中伴随闪电先导过程的TGF现象。本文基于CORSIKA软件包，模拟了宇宙线次级电子在雷暴云强电场中引发的RREA过程，并研究了RREA电子的强度和能量分布。结果表明，随着雷暴云内电场强度和电场区垂直尺度的增加，RREA电子数目均呈指数增长；发生RREA机制的雪崩距离常数(λ)随电场强度的增加而减小，当电场为-1600 V/cm和-3000 V/cm时，λ分别为~282 m和~69 m。RREA电子的能谱随电场强度和电场区垂直尺度的增加而逐渐变软，其平均能量随电场强度的增加而增加，当雷暴云内电场区垂直尺度大于400 m时，RREA电子的平均能量逐渐趋于稳定。模拟发现，电场为-3000 V/cm、电场区的垂直尺度为800 m时，RREA电子的平均能量约为11.7 MeV。本文通过Monte Carlo方法，复现了大气中难以直接观测的RREA过程，该模拟结果为研究TGF源区特征提供了重要信息，为地面实验探测下行TGF提供了线索，并有助于研究大气中闪电的触发机制。
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关键词:
- 宇宙线 /
- 相对论逃逸电子雪崩机制 /
- 雷暴电场 /
- Monte Carlo模拟
Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) originating from the Earth's atmosphere, accompanied by thunderstorms and lightning activity, is one of the hot spots in the interdisciplinary of cosmic ray and atmospheric physics. Over the years, satellite experiments have detected thousands of upward TGFs during thunderstorms, while ground-based experiments have observed some downward TGFs. Nowadays, it is generally accepted that TGFs accompanying lightning leader observed by satellite-based and ground-based experiments involve relativistic runaway electron avalanche (RREA) production. Due to triggering the RREA process needing a very large AEF strength and region, it is difficult to study the RREA process through ground-based experiments. In this paper, we adopt the CORSIKA, combined with a vertically uniform electric field model, to simulate the intensity and energy distribution of RREA electrons in thundercloud with different electric field strengths induced by seed electrons and the secondary electrons in extensive air shower (EAS) from vertical protons with different primary energies. The results show that the number of RREA electrons increases exponentially with the thickness of the thunderclouds, and also increases exponentially with the electric field strength. After pass through the atmosphere with an electric field of -3000 V/cm and a thickness of 800 m, the number of secondary electrons in RREA process increases by approximately 3×104 times. The characteristic length of avalanche (λ) decreases as the electric field strength increases. When the electric field is -1600 V/cm and -3000 V/cm, the λ are approximately ~282 m and ~69 m, respectively. The energy spectrum of RREA electrons gradually softens with increasing layer thickness and strength of electric field, and their mean energy increases with the electric field strength, when the thundercloud thickness exceeds 400 m, the mean energy of RREA electrons gradually stabilizes.When secondary particles pass through a thundercloud with an electric field strength of -3000 V/cm and a thickness of 800 m, the mean energy of RREA electrons is approximately 11.7 MeV. Through the Monte Carlo simulations, we successfully simulated the RREA process that is difficult to observe directly in the atmosphere. The simulation results provide important information for studying the characteristics of TGF source regions, offer clues for detecting downward TGF in ground-based experiments, and contribute to the research on the triggering mechanism of lightning in the atmosphere. In addition, our simulation results are expected to elucidate the relationship between TGF and lightning activity, promoting interdisciplinary research in the fields of atmospheric physics and cosmic ray physics.-
Keywords:
- Cosmic rays /
- Relativistic runaway electron avalanche /
- Thunderstorm electric field /
- Monte Carlo simulations
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