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In order to reduce the size of the device and realize the ultrafast response time and dynamic tunableness, the single-band and dual-band plasmon induced transparency (PIT) effect are investigated based on graphene nanoribbon waveguide side-coupled rectangle cavity. The slow light properties of the model are analyzed numerically and theoretically by coupled mode theory and finite difference time domain method. With controlling the chemical potential of the graphene rectangle cavity, the tunability of the resonant wavelength and the transmission peak can be achieved simultaneously in single-band and dual-band PIT model. As the chemical potential of graphene increases, the resonant wavelength of each transmission window of PIT effect decreases gradually and presents the blue shift. In addition, through dynamically tuning the resonant wavelength of the graphene rectangle cavity, when the chemical potential of the graphene rectangle cavity increases from 0.41 to 0.44 eV, the group index of single PIT system is controlled to be between 79.2 and 28.3, and the tunable bandwidth is 477 nm. Moreover, the group index of dual PIT system is controlled to be between 143.2 and 108.6 when the chemical potentials of graphene rectangle cavities 1, 2, and 3 are 0.39–0.42 eV, 0.40–0.43 eV, and 0.41–0.44 eV, respectively. The size of the entire PIT structure is <0.5 μm2. The research results here in this work are of reference significance in designing and fabricating the optical sensors, optical filters, slow light and light storage devices with ultrafast, ultracompact and dynamic tunableness.
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Keywords:
- plasmon induced transparency /
- graphene /
- finite difference time domain /
- rectangle cavities
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图 1 双石墨烯矩形腔边耦合波导系统结构示意图, 失谐方式为双腔之间的频率失谐
Figure 1. Schematic of two graphene rectangle cavities side-coupled to a waveguide system. Detuning method is the frequency detuning between two cavities.
图 2 当石墨烯的化学势为0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44 eV时, 本征Q值与波长的关系
Figure 2. Relationship between the intrinsic quality factor and the wavelength for different chemical potential of the graphene EF = 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43 and 0.44 eV, respectively.
图 3 单PIT效应的实现原理示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of realizing principle of single PIT effect.
图 4 单PIT效应仿真分析 (a1)—(d1)单PIT效应透射光谱; (a2)—(d2)相应的相移响应和群折射率
Figure 4. Single PIT effect simulation analysis: (a1)–(d1) The transmission spectra of single PIT effect; (a2)–(d2) corresponding phase shift responses and group index.
图 5 单PIT效应透射凹陷((a), (c))和峰值波长((b))处的|Hz|2磁场分布
Figure 5. |Hz|2 magneticfield distributions of single PIT effect at transmission dips ((a) and (c)) and the peak wavelength ((b)).
图 6 在PIT峰值波长处, 群折射率与石墨烯化学势的关系
Figure 6. Relationship between the group index and the chemical potential of the graphene under the peak wavelength of the PIT.
图 7 三石墨烯矩形腔边耦合波导系统结构示意图
Figure 7. Schematic of triple graphene rectangle cavities side-coupled to a waveguide system.
图 8 双PIT效应的实现原理示意图
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of realizing principle of dual PIT effect.
图 9 双PIT效应仿真分析 (a1)—(d1)双PIT效应透射光谱; (a2)—(d2)相应的相移响应和群折射率
Figure 9. Dual PIT effect simulation analysis: (a1)–(d1) Transmission spectra of dual PIT effect; (a2)–(d2) corresponding phase shift responses and group index.
图 10 双PIT效应峰值波长处的|Hz|2磁场分布
Figure 10. |Hz|2 magnetic field distributions of dual PIT effect at the peak wavelength.
表 1 PIT峰值波长处, 不同石墨烯矩形腔化学势、泵浦光强下的PIT系统最大群折射率
Table 1. The maximum group index of the PIT system under different chemical potentials of graphene rectangle cavities and pump light intensity at the peak wavelength of PIT.
调谐方式 相关参数 PIT系统最大群折射率 石墨烯化学势 EF1 = 0.39 eV, EF2 = 0.40 eV, EF3 = 0.41 eV 143.2 EF1 = 0.40 eV, EF2 = 0.41 eV, EF3 = 0.42 eV 127.3 EF1 = 0.41 eV, EF2 = 0.42 eV, EF3 = 0.43 eV 116.2 EF1 = 0.42 eV, EF2 = 0.43 eV, EF3 = 0.44 eV 108.6 泵浦光强 I = 11.7 MW·cm–2 14.5 [10] 
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[1] Gao E D, Liu Z M, Li H J, Xu H, Zhang Z B, Luo X, Xiong C X, Liu C, Zhang B H, Zhou F Q 2019 Opt. Express 27 13884
Google Scholar
[2] Liu J H, Yu Y F, Zhang Z M 2019 Opt. Express 27 15382
Google Scholar
[3] Ziemkiewicz D, Slowik K, Zielinska-Raczynska S 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 490
Google Scholar
[4] Neubert T J, Wehrhold M, Kaya N S, Balasubramanian K 2020 Nanotechnology 31 405201
Google Scholar
[5] Li H J, Wang L L, Sun B, Huang Z R, Zhai X 2016 Plasmonics 11 87
Google Scholar
[6] Zhang T, Zhou J Z, Dai J, Dai Y T, Han X, Li J Q, Yin F F, Zhou Y, Xu K 2018 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 51 055103
Google Scholar
[7] Liu Y C, Li B B, Xiao Y F 2017 Nanophotonics 6 789
Google Scholar
[8] Wang B Y, Zeng Q D, Xiao S Y, Xu C, Xiong L B, Lv H, Du J, Yu H Q 2017 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 50 455107
Google Scholar
[9] Xiong C X, Li H J, Xu H, Zhao M Z, Zhang B H, Liu C, Wu K 2019 Opt. Express 27 17718
Google Scholar
[10] Han X, Wang T, Li X M, Zhu Y J 2015 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 48 235102
Google Scholar
[11] Xu H, Xiong C X, Chen Z Q, Zheng M F, Zhao M Z, Zhang B H, Li H J 2018 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35 1463
Google Scholar
[12] Liu Z M, Zhang X 2020 New J. Phys. 22 083006
Google Scholar
[13] Huang H L, Xia H, Guo Z B, Li H J, Xie D 2018 Opt. Commun. 424 163
Google Scholar
[14] Zhang S, Genov D A, Wang Y, Liu M, Zhang X 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 047401
Google Scholar
[15] Zhang B H, Li H J, Xu H, Zhao M Z, Xiong C X, Liu C, Wu K 2019 Opt. Express 27 3598
Google Scholar
[16] Cen H F, Wang F Q, Liang R S, Wei Z C, Meng H Y, Jiang L H, Dong H G, Qin S J, Wang L, Wang C L 2018 Opt. Commun. 420 78
Google Scholar
[17] Qiu P P, Qiu W B, Lin Z L, Chen H B, Ren J B, Wang J X, Kan Q, Pan J Q 2017 Nanoscale Res. Lett. 12 374
Google Scholar
[18] Sun C, Si J N, Dong Z W, Deng X X 2016 Opt. Express 24 11466
Google Scholar
[19] Fan C Z, Jia Y L, Ren P W, Jia W 2021 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 54 035107
Google Scholar
[20] Li J B, Xiao X J, Tan Y, Guo Q Q, Liang S, Xiao S, Zhong H H, He M D, Liu L H, Luo J H, Chen L Q 2020 Opt. Express 28 3136
Google Scholar
[21] Zhang T, Liu Q, Dan Y H, Yu S, Han X, Dai J, Xu K 2020 Opt. Express 28 18899
Google Scholar
[22] Wang B Y, Zhu Y H, Zhang J, Zeng Q D, Du J, Wang T, Yu H Q 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 377
[23] Karampitsos N, Kyrginas D, Couris S 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 1814
Google Scholar
[24] Baudisch M, Marini A, Cox J D, Zhu T, Silva F, Teichmann S, Massicotte M, Koppens F, Levitov L S, Abajo F J G, Biegert J 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 1018
Google Scholar
[25] Xiao B G, Zhu J F, Xiao L H 2020 Appl. Opt. 59 6041
Google Scholar
[26] Xu H, Zhao M Z, Zheng M F, Xiong C X, Zhang B H, Peng Y Y, Li H J 2019 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 52 025104
Google Scholar
[27] 胡宝晶, 黄铭, 黎鹏, 杨晶晶 2020 物理学报 69 174201
Google Scholar
Hu B J, Huang M, Li P, Yang J J 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 174201
Google Scholar
[28] Zhan S, Li H, Cao G, He Z, Li B, Yang H 2014 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 47 205101
Google Scholar
[29] Chen Z, Chen H, Yin J, Zhang R, Jile H, Xu D, Yi Z, Zhou Z, Cai S, Yan P 2021 Diamond Relat. Mater. 116 108393
Google Scholar
[30] Chen Z, Chen H, Jile H, Xu D, Yi Z, Lei Y, Chen X, Zhou Z, Cai S, Li G 2021 Diamond Relat. Mater. 115 108374
Google Scholar
[31] Jiang L, Yuan C, Li Z, Su J, Yi Z, Yao W, Wu P, Liu Z, Cheng S, Pan M 2021 Diamond Relat. Mater. 111 108227
Google Scholar
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