Semi-hard magnetic and micro-mechanical behaviors of selective laser melting prepared AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy

HU Xuzhao; CHEN Xiangling; XU Zhenlin; ZHANG Dianbao; LIU Jing; XIA Ailin

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250286

Abstract
Magnetic high-entropy alloy (HEA) has certain application prospects in the fields of energy conversion, hysteresis motor, electromagnetic control mechanism and others. In this study, AlCoCrCuFeNi HEA is prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) with different process parameters, and the phase composition, microstructure, magnetic properties and micromechanical behavior are studied systematically. The results show that the SLMed alloy mainly consists of a BCC matrix phase with a small quantity of approximately spherical FCC precipitated nanophase. The nanohardness decreases with the increase of laser power and fluctuates in a certain range with the change of scanning speed, but the whole sample shows excellent micromechanical properties. Besides, it is found that the room-temperature nanoindentation creep deformation mechanism of AlCoCrCuFeNi HEAs is mainly controlled by dislocation motion, which is different from the results given by the traditional classical creep theory. Both of SLMed alloys exhibit typical semi-hard magnetic properties. The saturation magnetization is affected slightly by the SLM process parameters and remains at about 43 A·m²/kg because all samples have a similar quantity of ferromagnetic elements (Fe,Co and Ni). However, the coercivity increases from 1.72 to 2.71 kA/m with the increase of laser power (P), and decreases from 2.37 to 1.98 kA/m with the increase of scanning speed (v), which can be attributed to the different effects of porosity and internal stress on the pinning of domain walls under different process parameters (P and v). This work provides a theoretical basis and experimental direction for further studying the optimization of comprehensive magnetic properties and the room temperature creep mechanism of SLMed high-entropy alloy.

Keywords:
selective laser melting /

AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy /

semi-hard magnetic property /

micro-mechanical behavior
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图 1 SLM成形设备(a)、SLM工艺示意图(b)及SLM成形样品顶面实物图(c)

Figure 1. SLM equipment (a), schematic diagram of the SLM process (b) and the top-view physical picture of SLMed alloys.

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图 2 SLM成形态AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金在不同工艺参数下的孔隙率变化

Figure 2. Variation of porosity with laser power and scanning speed of the SLMed AlCoCrCuFeNi HEAs.

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图 3 不同工艺参数下制备的SLM成形态AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金的XRD图谱　(a) 激光扫描速率为1450 mm/s, 激光功率为110—150 W; (b) 激光功率为130 W, 激光扫描速率为1350—1550 mm/s

Figure 3. The XRD spectra of SLMed samples, (a) processed at 1450 mm/s laser scanning and different laser power (110–150 W), (b) processed at 130 W laser power and different (1350–1550 mm/s) laser scanning speed, respectively.

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图 4 SLM成形态试样的典型微观结构 (a), (b) SEM形貌图; (c), (d) TEM明场像图; (e), (f) 选区电子衍射图; (g)表示位错堆积和缠结的TEM明场像图

Figure 4. Typical microstructures of SLMed samples: (a), (b) SEM images; (c), (d) bright-field TEM images; (e), (f) the selective area electron diffraction; (g) TEM bright field image showing the dislocation pile up and entanglement.

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图 5 SLM成形态AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金在不同激光功率下的磁滞回线(a)(插图为局部放大图)和磁性参数(b)的变化规律

Figure 5. Hysteresis loops (a) and variation in M_s, H_c (b) of SLMed AlCoCrCuFeNi specimens at different power, respectively. The illustration is partial enlargement of panel (a)

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图 6 SLM成形态AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金在不同扫描速率下的磁滞回线(a) (插图为局部放大图)和磁性参数(b)的变化规律

Figure 6. Hysteresis loops (a) and the variation in M_s, H_c (b) of SLMed AlCoCrCuFeNi specimens at different scanning speed, respectively; the illustration is partial enlargement of Figure (a)

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图 7 纳米压痕实验. 不同激光扫描速度(a)和激光功率(b)条件下打印态试样的压痕深度-载荷关系曲线

Figure 7. Nanoindentation test. The curves of load on surface vs. displacement into surface of printed samples with different P (a) and v (b).

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图 8 纳米压痕实验　(a)压痕深度和载荷关系曲线; (b)拟合蠕变曲线

Figure 8. Nanoindentation test: (a) Curve of load on surface vs. displacement into surface; (b) fitting creep curve.

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表 1 AlCoCrCuFeNi粉末的化学成分及各元素的特征参数

Table 1. Chemical compositions and element-characteristic parameters of the AlCoCrCuFeNi powders.

Elements	Al	Co	Cr	Cu	Fe	Ni
Mass fraction/%	8.85	18.86	16.59	20.28	17.25	18.11
density/(g·mm^–3)	2.7	8.85	7.75	8.90	7.87	8.85
Melting point/K	933	1770	2123	1356	1811	1728
Average atomic/nm	0.1432	0.1363	0.1249	0.1280	0.1270	0.1240
Structure	FCC	HCP	BCC	FCC	BCC	FCC
VEC*	3	9	6	11	8	10
*VEC—valence electron concentration.

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表 2 SLM制备AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金的工艺参数

Table 2. Process parameters of fabricating AlCoCrCuFeNi HEAs using SLM technique.

工艺参数	取值
Laser thickness (t)/μm	40
Laser power (P)/W	110—150
Scan velocity (v)/(mm·s^–1)	1350—1550
Hatch spacing (h)/μm	50

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表 3 不同激光功率(P)下SLM成形态AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金的XRD参数

Table 3. The XRD parameters of SLMed AlCoCrCuFeNi HEAs at different laser power.

P/W	V_BCC/%	V_FCC/%	a_BCC/Å	a_FCC/Å
110	94.89	5.11	2.8709±0.0006	3.6100±0.0006
120	94.38	5.62	2.8726±0.0017	3.6280±0.0007
130	94.24	5.76	2.8752±0.0012	3.6289±0.0017
140	93.41	6.59	2.8762±0.0011	3.6310±0.0023
150	92.04	7.96	2.8763±0.0006	3.6367±0.0014

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表 4 不同扫速(v)下SLM成形态AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金的XRD参数

Table 4. The XRD parameters of SLMed AlCoCrCuFeNi HEAs at different laser scanning.

v/(mm·s^–1)	V_BCC/%	V_FCC/%	a_BCC/(Å	a_FCC/Å
1350	94.84	5.16	2.8840±0.0029	3.6460±0.0012
1400	94.89	5.11	2.8825±0.0012	3.6289±0.0017
1450	93.75	6.25	2.8810±0.0034	3.6430±0.0006
1500	94.13	5.87	2.8773±0.0015	3.6358±0.0021
1550	93.62	6.38	2.8737±0.0009	3.6297±0.0024

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表 5 不同激光功率下合金的纳米压痕参数

Table 5. Nanoindentation of alloys at different laser power.

P/W	H_max /nm	Nano-hardness/GPa	E/GPa
110	321.5±13.8	8.8±0.9	202.3±8.4
120	322.4±2.1	8.7±0.2	202.5±6.7
130	323.2±13.6	8.7±0.8	208.9±15.6
140	326.8±6.2	8.5±0.5	201.8±2.3
150	332.3±8.4	8.2±0.5	203.8±5.0

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表 6 不同激光扫描速度下合金的纳米压痕参数

Table 6. Nanoindentation of alloys at different laser scanning speed.

v/(mm·s^–1)	H_max /nm	Nano-hardness/GPa	E/GPa
1350	331.0±6.3	8.2±0.4	199.2±10.9
1400	323.2±13.6	8.7±0.8	208.9±15.6
1450	322.3±3.8	8.8±0.2	201.7±8.6
1500	338.7±8.5	7.7±0.4	197.0±7.7
1550	332.3±8.4	8.1±0.5	193.3±5.0

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