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The neutron energy spectrum and fluence of the atmospheric neutron irradiation spectrometer at China Spallation Neutron Source cover the energy range from meV to GeV. The evaluation of the neutron energy spectrum and fluence in an energy region above 1 MeV is of great significance for studying single event effect of atmospheric neutrons. Due to the limitations of the proton beam time structure of the CSNS and the engineering reality of the ANIS, it is impossible to achieve the neutron energy spectrum and fluence above 1 MeV through absolute measurements. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt a combination of theoretical simulations and partial experiments to provide reference values. This work covers the following aspects. 1) Based on the measured neutron energy spectrum data from the ICE beamline at LANSCE WNR, the physical models, tally types, and cross-section data files suitable for the calculation of high energy neutron energy spectra and fluence are explored using MCNPX2.5.0; 2) A secondary source with energy distribution, angular distribution, and spatial distribution for neutron energy spectrum and fluence evaluation is developed and verified. 3) Using the obtained neutron energy spectrum and fluence and the combination of existing facilities and JSED89A reference neutron energy spectrum, the performance of the ANIS facility is evaluated from the perspectives of spectrum shape and radiation effect. 4) An experiment on neutron induced single-event upset cross-section measurement of configuration memory on Xilinx 2nd generation FPGAs is conducted using the ANIS. The results are consistent with test results of the same chip series on similar international facilities. In summary, it can be concluded that the ANIS at CSNS may be the facility with the neutron energy spectrum closest to the natural atmospheric neutron energy spectrum among similar facilities in the world, and it has also been confirmed that the test results of ANIS from CSNS show excellent consistency with results obtained from other facilities. Therefore, the research results on atmospheric neutron single-particle effects and engineering acceleration tests based on ANIS at CSNS can be directly applied to high-reliability fields such as aviation, aerospace, military, and civil, contributing to the development of new quality productive forces. -
Keywords:
- atmospheric neutron irradiation spectrometer /
- neutron energy spectrum /
- neutron fluence /
- single event effect
[1] 陈伟, 郭晓强, 宋朝晖 2022 中子单粒子效应(北京: 科学出版社)第5—11页
Chen W, Guo X Q, Song Z H 2022 Neutron Single Event Effects (Beijing: Science Press) pp5–11
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Google Scholar
[3] 孙雅, 刘国福, 罗晓亮 2014 国防科技 35 24
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Sun Y, Liu G F, Luo X L 2014 National Defense Sci. Technol. 35 24
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[11] Steve W 2019 LA-UR 19-30813, Los Alamos National Laboratory
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Google Scholar
[13] Hidenori I, Gentaro F, Hirotaka S, Takashi K, Michihiro F, Stephen A W 2020 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 67 2363
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[15] IEC 2017 Process Management for Avionics-atmospheric Radiation Effects-Part 2 Guidelines for Single Event Effects Testing for Avionics Systems. IEC 62396-2
[16] Alexander V P, Jan B, Mitja M, Ralf N, Stefan R, Simon P P 2009 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop Canada Quebec, July 20–24, 2009 pp166–173
[17] Ewart W B 2009 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop Canada Quebec, July 20–24, 2009 pp157–160
[18] 胡志良 2023 博士学位论文 (西安: 西安交通大学)
Hu Z L 2023 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Xi’an JiaoTong University
[19] Austin L 2009 White Paper: Virtex and Spartan FPGA Families, WP286
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Google Scholar
[22] Device vice Reliability Report (UG116) https://docs.amd.com/r/en-US/ug116 [2025-07-22]
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图 1 WNR-ICE MCNPX计算模型
Figure 1. WNR-ICE MCNPX model.
图 2 WNR 15°中子能谱谱型结果对比
Figure 2. Comparison of WNR 15° neutron energy spectrum results.
图 3 WNR 15°不同截面能量上限中子能谱计算结果对比
Figure 3. Comparison of calculated neutron energy spectra at WNR 15° angle with different upper limits of energy for cross-sections.
图 4 WNR 15°中子能谱与MCNPX不同模型计算结果对比
Figure 4. Comparison of calculated neutron energy spectra at WNR 15° angle with different physical model of spallation reaction.
图 5 WNR ICE-HOUSE实测中子能谱与MCNPX不同模型计算结果对比
Figure 5. Comparison of measured neutron energy spectra of ICE-HOUSE with calculation by different physical model in MCNPX.
图 6 基于TMR模型的ANIS引出孔道En ≥ 10 MeV中子注量评估模型和空间分布 (a) MCNPX ANIS源项评估计算模型; (b) En ≥ 10 MeV中子注量空间分布
Figure 6. Source term assessment model and spatial distribution of neutron flux with En ≥ 10 MeV of ANIS based on CSNS-TMR: (a) Source term assessment model of ANIS in MCNPX; (b) spatial distribution of neutron flux with En ≥ 10 MeV.
图 7 ANIS简化版MCNPX模型
Figure 7. ANIS simplified MCNPX model.
图 8 二次中子源项的空间分布校验
Figure 8. Verification of the spatial distribution of the secondary neutron source term.
图 9 CSNS ANIS与航空大气中子能谱对比
Figure 9. Comparison of CSNS ANIS neutron spectra with avionics neutron spectra.
图 10 归一化后不同装置和地面参考大气中子的中子勒谱
Figure 10. Neutron spectra of different facilities and ground reference atmospheric neutrons after normalization.
图 11 XC2 V3000测试现场
Figure 11. XC2 V3000 test site.
源 1—10 MeV 10—100 MeV >100 MeV IEC 62396-1 35 35 29 JESD89 A 35 35 30 QARM (model) 40 36 24 LANSCE WNR 52 26 22 TRIUMF TNF 24 54 21 CSNS ANIS 35 35 30 
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表 2 各装置相对于JESD89A参考大气中子引起的辐射效应差异对比
Table 2. Comparison of the differences in radiation effects caused by atmospheric neutrons in various facilities reference JESD89A.
装置名称 ANTIA LANSCE TRUIMF ChipIR ANIS 辐射效应
差异$ \varepsilon $/%–59 –26 –16 –25 –2
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[1] 陈伟, 郭晓强, 宋朝晖 2022 中子单粒子效应(北京: 科学出版社)第5—11页
Chen W, Guo X Q, Song Z H 2022 Neutron Single Event Effects (Beijing: Science Press) pp5–11
[2] Ziegler J F 1996 IBM J. Res. Dev. 40 19
Google Scholar
[3] 孙雅, 刘国福, 罗晓亮 2014 国防科技 35 24
Google Scholar
Sun Y, Liu G F, Luo X L 2014 National Defense Sci. Technol. 35 24
Google Scholar
[4] Normand E 1996 IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 43 461
Google Scholar
[5] ATSB Transport Safety Report: In-flight Upset 154 km West of Learmonth, WA 2008 http://www.airsafe.com/plane-crash/atsb-qantas-a330-interim-report1.pdf [2025-07-22]
[6] Suzanne F N, Stephen A W, Michael M 2017 Physics Procedia 90 374
Google Scholar
[7] Ansell S, Frost C D 2007 9th European Conference on Radiation and Its Effects on Components and Systems Deauville, France, September 10–14, 2007 pp1–4
[8] Yu Q Z, Shen F, Yuan L B, Lin L, Hu Z L, Zhou B, Liang T J 2022 Nucl. Eng. Des. 386 111579
Google Scholar
[9] IEC 2016 Process Management for Avionics-atmospheric Radiation Effects, part 1: Accommodation of Atmospheric Radiation Effects Via Single Event Effects Within Avionic Electronic Equip-ment: IEC 62396-1
[10] Denise B P 2005 LA-CP-05-0369, Los Alamos National Laboratory
[11] Steve W 2019 LA-UR 19-30813, Los Alamos National Laboratory
[12] Balestrini S, Brown A, Haight R C, Laymon C M, Lee T M, Lisowski P W, McCorkle W, Nelson R O, Parker W 1993 NIM-A 336 226
Google Scholar
[13] Hidenori I, Gentaro F, Hirotaka S, Takashi K, Michihiro F, Stephen A W 2020 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 67 2363
Google Scholar
[14] ICE House at LANSCE https://lansce.lanl.gov/facilities/Radiation%20Effects/ICE%20House-FP30L.php[2025-07-22]
[15] IEC 2017 Process Management for Avionics-atmospheric Radiation Effects-Part 2 Guidelines for Single Event Effects Testing for Avionics Systems. IEC 62396-2
[16] Alexander V P, Jan B, Mitja M, Ralf N, Stefan R, Simon P P 2009 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop Canada Quebec, July 20–24, 2009 pp166–173
[17] Ewart W B 2009 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop Canada Quebec, July 20–24, 2009 pp157–160
[18] 胡志良 2023 博士学位论文 (西安: 西安交通大学)
Hu Z L 2023 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Xi’an JiaoTong University
[19] Austin L 2009 White Paper: Virtex and Spartan FPGA Families, WP286
[20] Autran J L, Munteanua D, Moindjie S, Saoud T S, Sauze S, Gasiot G, Roche P 2015 Microelectron. Reliab. 55 1506
Google Scholar
[21] Zhang Z G, Lei Z F, Tong T, Li X H, Xi K, Peng C, Shi Q, He Y J, Huang Y, En Y F 2019 IEEE Trans. Nucl Sci. 66 1368
Google Scholar
[22] Device vice Reliability Report (UG116) https://docs.amd.com/r/en-US/ug116 [2025-07-22]
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