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The evolution mechanism of electrons in isolated atoms, molecules and complex systems on the natural time-scale have long been the fundamental question in atomic and molecular physics, with significant implications for the applications of quantum materials. Over the past two decades, the development of attosecond light pulses and attosecond metrology has opened new opportunities—with posing new challenges—for investigating the electronic dynamics. Conventional detection techniques, such as timeof-flight and velocity map imaging spectrometers, have enabled the study of attosecond scattering phase shifts during photoemission and ionization processes with extremely high temporal and energy resolution. However, the limitations in multi-particle coincidence detection and three-dimensional momentum correlation have restricted deeper exploration of many-body correlations and non-adiabatic ultrafast dynamics involving electron-nuclear coupling. To enable multidimensional and real-time observation of the threedimensional momenta of both electrons and ions during photoionization, the attosecond interferometry has been integrated into electron-ion coincidence systems. In this paper we introduce the attosecond coincidence interferometer that combines an attosecond pump-infrared femtosecond probe scheme with cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy. The apparatus allows attosecond-time-resolved momentum imaging of all charged fragments in atomic and molecular systems, thereby providing deeper insights into the dynamics of photoionization. We also highlight the recent groundbreaking applications and advances of attosecond coincidence interferometer in the research of photoionization dynamics in atoms, molecules, and more complex systems.
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Keywords:
- coincidence measurement /
- attosecond spectroscopy /
- atomic and molecular ultrafast dynamics /
- microscopic-system photoionization
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