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厚度低至原子层的金属薄膜具有优越的光吸收能力和导电特性, 尤其是在金属薄膜和介质界面激发的表面等离激元, 可以很好地捕获光子并产生热载流子, 使其在提高太阳能电池的光电转换效率、设计近红外波段的光电探测器和基于表面等离激元的传感器等方面表现出优异的性质. 然而, 目前还缺少对金属薄膜的表面等离激元和热载流子性质的系统理论研究. 本文基于多体第一性原理计算方法, 系统地研究了1—5个原子层厚Au(111)薄膜的表面等离激元特性, 以及由表面等离激元产生的热载流子的能量分布和输运性质. 研究结果表明, Au(111)薄膜具有低损耗的表面等离激元特性. 同时, 在Au(111)薄膜和介质界面激发的表面等离激元约束程度较强, 可以增强局部电场, 这在纳米光子学应用中至关重要. 此外, Au(111)薄膜具有高热载流子产生效率, 且产生的热电子及热空穴能量较高, 具有优异的平均自由程和平均自由时间. 意外的是, Au(111)薄膜的直流电导率显著优于块体Au. 这些结果为Au(111)薄膜在光电子器件和能量转换设备等的设计和制造提供了新的思路和理论基础.Metal films with a thickness as low as atomic layer have superior light absorption capabilities and conductive properties, especially the surface plasmons excited at the interface between metal film and dielectric can well capture photons and generate hot carriers, making them more efficient in improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells, designing photodetectors in the near-infrared band, and sensors based on surface plasmon. However, there is still a lack of systematic theoretical studies on the surface plasmon and hot carrier properties of metal thin films. Based on the many-body first-principles calculation method, in this paper studied systematically are the surface plasmon properties of Au(111) films with thickness in a range from monolayer to 5 monolayers, and the energy distribution and transport properties of hot carriers generated by surface plasmons. The study results show that Au(111) films have low-loss surface plasmon properties. Meanwhile, the surface plasmons excited at the interface between the Au(111) film and the dielectric are strongly confined, which can enhance the local electric field, thus being crucial in nanophotonics applications. In addition, Au(111) film has a high efficiency generating hot carriers , and the generated hot electrons and hot holes are high in energy, and excellent in mean free path and mean free time. Unexpectedly, the direct current conductivity of Au(111) film is significantly better than that of bulk Au. These results provide new ideas and theoretical basis for the design and fabrication of Au(111) films in optoelectronic devices and energy conversion devices.
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Keywords:
- Au(111) films /
- transport properties /
- surface plasmon /
- hot carriers
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图 1 (a) Au面心立方结构; (b) 计算块体Au电子结构使用的原胞; (c) 块体Au的第一布里渊区, 其能带结构和声子谱沿
$k$ 点路径W-L-G-X-W-K计算; (d) Au(111)薄膜按照“膜按照“方式堆积示意图; (e) Au(111)薄膜的第一布里渊区, 其能带结构和声子谱沿$k$ 点路径G-M-K-G计算Fig. 1. (a) Face-centered cubic structure of Au; (b) the primitive cell used to calculate the electronic structure of bulk Au; (c) the first Brillouin zone of bulk Au, and the irreducible k-point path W-L-G-X-W-K is used for calculating its band structure and phonon spectra; (d) Au(111) films stacked in "ABC" manner; (e) the first Brillouin zone of Au(111) films, the irreducible k-point path G-M-K-G is used for calculating its band structure and phonon spectra.
图 2 能带结构 (a)块体Au; (b)—(f) 1—5层Au(111)薄膜
Fig. 2. Energy band structure of (a) bulk Au and (b)–(f) Au(111) films with thickness from 1 to 5 atomic layers.
图 3 声子谱 (a) 块体Au; (b)—(f) 1—5层Au(111)薄膜
Fig. 3. Phonon structure of (a) bulk Au and (b–(f) Au(111) films with thickness from 1 to 5 atomic layers .
图 4 介电函数虚部 (a) 块体Au的Johnson实验测量结果和DFT理论计算结果; (b) 块体Au和1—5层Au(111)薄膜
Fig. 4. (a) The imaginary part of the dielectric function of Johnson experimental measurement result and DFT theoretical calculation result of bulk Au; (b) the imaginary part of the dielectric function of bulk Au and Au(111) films with thickness from 1 to 5 atomic layers.
图 5 (a) 块体Au的介电函数实部; (b) 1—5层Au(111)薄膜的介电函数实部
Fig. 5. The real part of the dielectric function of (a) bulk Au and (b) Au(111) films with thickness from 1 to 5 atomic layers.
图 6 块体Au和Au(111)薄膜与空气界面激发的SPP色散关系
Fig. 6. Dispersion relation of SPP excited at the interface of Bulk Au and Au(111) films with air.
图 7 块体Au和Au(111)薄膜与SiO2界面激发的SPP色散关系
Fig. 7. Dispersion relation of SPP excited at the interface of bulk Au and Au(111) films with SiO2.
图 8 块体Au和Au(111)薄膜与介质界面激发的SPP有效传播长度
Fig. 8. SPP effective propagation length at the interface of bulk Au and Au(111) films.
图 9 块体Au和Au(111)薄膜与电介质界面激发的SPP约束比
Fig. 9. SPP confinement ratio at the interface of bulk Au and Au(111) films with dielectrics.
图 10 热载流子的能量分布 (a) 块体Au; (b)—(f) 1—5层Au(111)薄膜
Fig. 10. The energy distribution of hot carriers generated by direct interband electronic transitions for (a) bulk Au and (b)—(f) Au(111) films with thickness from 1 to 5 atomic layers.
图 11 块体Au和Au(111)薄膜中热载流子的平均自由时间
Fig. 11. Mean free times of hot carriers in bulk Au and Au(111) films with thickness from 1 to 5 atomic layers .
图 12 块体Au和Au(111)薄膜热载流子的平均自由程
Fig. 12. Mean free paths of hot carriers in bulk Au and Au(111) films with thickness from 1 to 5 atomic layers.
图 13 (a) 块体Au和1—5层Au(111)薄膜在0—500 K温度范围内的直流电导率; (b) 块体Au和(c) 1—5层Au(111)薄膜加权传输Eliashberg谱函数
$ \alpha _v^2 F\left( \omega \right) $ Fig. 13. (a) DC conductivity of bulk Au and Au(111) films with thickness from 1 to 5 atomic layers in the temperature range of 0–500 K, the transport-weighted Eliashberg spectral function of (b) bulk Au and (c) Au(111) films with thickness from 1 to 5 atomic layers.
表 1 传输常数
$\lambda $ Table 1. The transport constant
$\lambda $ .块体Au 1层 2层 3层 4层 5层 $\lambda $ 629.52 10.24 18.27 8.85 7.75 6.39 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 费米速度
${\nu _{\rm{F}}}$ Table 2. The Fermi velocity
${\nu _{\rm{F}}}$ .块体Au 1层 2层 3层 4层 5层 ${\nu _F}$ 0.62 0.68 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.48
下载: 导出CSV
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[1] Moskovits M 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 6
Google Scholar
[2] Kulkarni A P, Noone K M, Munechika K, Guyer S R, Ginger D S 2010 Nano Lett. 10 1501
Google Scholar
[3] Maier S A 2007 Plasmonics: fundamentals and applications (Bath: Springer) pp177–191
[4] Mukherjee S, Libisch F, Large N, Neumann O, Brown L V, Cheng J, Lassiter J B, Carter E A, Nordlander P, Halas N J 2013 Nano Lett. 13 240
Google Scholar
[5] Robatjazi H, Bahauddin S M, Doiron C, Thomann I 2015 Nano Lett. 15 6155
Google Scholar
[6] Christopher P, Xin H L, Linic S 2011 Nat. Chem. 3 467
Google Scholar
[7] Babicheva V E, Zhukovsky S V, Ikhsanov R S, Protsenko I E, Smetanin I V, Uskov A 2015 ACS Photonics 2 1039
Google Scholar
[8] Zheng B Y, Zhao H Q, Manjavacas A, McClain M, Nordlander P, Halas N J 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7797
Google Scholar
[9] Leenheer A J, Narang P, Lewis N S, Atwater H A 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 115 134301
Google Scholar
[10] Maniyara R A, Rodrigo D, Yu R, Canet-Ferrer J, Ghosh D S R, Yongsunthon R, Baker D E, Rezikyan A, de Abajo F J G, Pruneri V 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 328
Google Scholar
[11] Xue X T, Fan Y H, Segal E, Wang W P, Yang F, Wang Y F, Zhao F T, Fu W Y, Ling Y H, Salomon A, Zhang Z 2021 Mater. Today 46 54
Google Scholar
[12] Mandal P, Sharma S 2016 Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 65 537
Google Scholar
[13] Zhang C, Guney D O, Pearce J M 2016 Mater. Res. Express 3 105034
Google Scholar
[14] Li Z J, Lü W, Zhang C, Qin J W, Wei W, Shao J J, Wang D W, Li B H, Kang F Y, Yang Q H 2014 Nanoscale 6 9554
Google Scholar
[15] Shahjamali M M, Salvador M, Bosman M, Ginger D S, Xue C 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 12459
Google Scholar
[16] Tsysar K M, Andreev V G, Vdovin V A 2016 International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Electronics 2016 Zvenigorod, Russia, October 3-7, 2016 pp40–45
[17] Shipway A N, Katz E, Willner I 2000 ChemPhysChem 1 18
Google Scholar
[18] 初凤红, 蔡海文, 瞿荣辉, 方祖捷 2009 激光与光电子进展 46 58
Chu F H, Cai H W, Qu R H, Fang Z J 2009 Laser Optoelectron. Prog. 46 58
[19] Zhu Q, Hong Y, Cao G, Zhang Y, Wang J W 2020 ACS Nano 14 17091
Google Scholar
[20] Forti S, Link S, Sthr A, Niu Y, Zakharov A A, Coletti C, Starke U 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 2236
Google Scholar
[21] Sundararaman R, Letchworth-Weaver K, Schwarz K A, Gunceler D, Ozhabes Y, Arias T A 2017 Softwarex 6 278
Google Scholar
[22] Perdew J P, Ruzsinszky A, Csonka G I, Vydrov O A, Scuseria G E, Constantin L A, Zhou X L, Burke K 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 136406
Google Scholar
[23] Dudarev S L, Botton G A, Savrasov S Y, Humphreys C J, Sutton A P 1998 Phys. Rev. B 57 1505
Google Scholar
[24] Brown A M, Sundararaman R, Narang P, Goddard W A, Atwater H A 2016 ACS Nano 10 957
Google Scholar
[25] Marzari N, Vanderbilt D 1997 Phys. Rev. B 56 12847
Google Scholar
[26] Giustino F, Cohen M L, Louie S G 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 165108
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[28] Jian C C, Ma X C, Zhang J Q, Jiang J L 2022 Nanophotonics 11 531
Google Scholar
[29] Habib A, Florio F, Sundararaman R 2018 J. Opt. 20 064001
Google Scholar
[30] Shore K, Chan D 1990 Electron. Lett. 26 1206
Google Scholar
[31] Kolwas K, Derkachova A 2020 Nanomaterials 10 1411
Google Scholar
[32] Laref S, Cao J, Asaduzzaman A, Runge K, Deymier P, Ziolkowski R W, Miyawaki M, Muralidharan K 2013 Opt. Express 21 11827
Google Scholar
[33] Jian C C, Ma X C, Zhang J Q, Yong X 2021 J. Phys. Chem. C 125 15185
Google Scholar
[34] Bernardi M, Vigil-Fowler D, Lischner J, Neaton J B, Louie S G 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 257402
Google Scholar
[35] Bernardi M, Vigil-Fowler D, Ong C S, Neaton J B, Louie S G 2015 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112 5291
Google Scholar
[36] Bernardi M, Mustafa J, Neaton J B, Louie S G 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7044
Google Scholar
[37] Bauer R, Schmid A, Pavone P, Strauch D 1998 Phys. Rev. B 57 11276
Google Scholar
[38] Giri A, Gaskins J T, Li L Q, Wang Y S, Prezhdo O V, Hopkins P E 2019 Phys. Rev. B 99 165139
Google Scholar
[39] Allen P 1971 Phys. Rev. B 3 305
Google Scholar
[40] Rangel T, Kecik D, Trevisanutto P E, Rignanese G M, Van Swygenhoven H, Olevano V 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 125125
Google Scholar
[41] Xu M, Yang J Y, Zhang S Y, Liu L H 2017 Phys. Rev. B 96 115154
Google Scholar
[42] Ma X C, Sun H, Wang Y C, Wu X, Zhang J Q 2018 Nano Energy 53 932
Google Scholar
[43] Wang Y, Chen L Y, Xu B, Zheng W M, Zhang R J, Qian D L, Zhou S M, Zheng Y X, Dai N, Yang Y M, Ding K B, Zhang X M 1998 Thin Solid Films 313 232
[44] Zhang Z Y, Wang H Y, Du J L, Zhang X L, Hao Y W, Chen Q D, Sun H B 2015 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27 821
Google Scholar
[45] Jablan M, Soljacic M, Buljan H 2013 Proc. IEEE 101 1689
Google Scholar
[46] Jian C C, Zhang J Q, He W M, Ma X C 2021 Nano Energy 82 105763
Google Scholar
[47] Khurgin J B 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 2
Google Scholar
[48] Brongersma M L, Halas N J, Nordlander P 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 25
Google Scholar
[49] Bernardi M, Mustafa J, Neaton J B, Louie S G 2015 Nature Communications 6 7044
[50] Gladskikh I A, Leonov N B, Przhibel'skii S G, Vartanyan T A 2014 J. Opt. Technol. 81 280
Google Scholar
[51] Antonets I V, Kotov L N, Nekipelov S V, Golubev Y A 2004 Tech. Phys. 49 306
Google Scholar
[52] Robert C W, Melvin J A, William H B 2003 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (84th Ed.) (Florida: Boca Raton) pp13–14
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