基于金刚石固态单自旋的纳米尺度零场探测

赵鹏举; 孔飞; 李瑞; 石发展; 杜江峰

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20211363

摘要

在单分子层面对物质的特性进行表征在当今科学发展中有着重要意义, 例如生物、化学、材料科学等. 通用纳米尺度传感器的到来有望实现物质科学的一个长远目标—室温大气环境下的单分子结构解析. 近些年来, 金刚石中氮-空位(NV)色心作为一种固态自旋逐渐发展成兼具高空间分辨率和高探测灵敏度的纳米尺度传感器. 由于其无损、非侵入的特性, 在单分子测量方面具有非常出色的表现. 到目前为止, NV传感器已经实现了对磁场、电场、温度等诸多物理量的高灵敏度探测, 是一种潜在的多元化量子传感器. 结合多角度的交叉测量, 有助于提升对新物质、新材料、新现象的认识与理解. 本文从NV传感器的微观结构出发, 简要介绍了在零场这一特殊磁场条件下的几篇探测工作, 包括零场的顺磁共振探测和电场探测.

关键词:

Abstract

Characterizing the properties of matter at a single-molecule level is highly significant in today’s science, such as biology, chemistry, and materials science. The advent of generalized nanoscale sensors promises to achieve a long-term goal of material science, which is the analysis of single-molecule structures in ambient environments. In recent years, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond as solid-state spins have gradually developed as nanoscale sensors with both high spatial resolution and high detection sensitivity. Owing to the nondestructive and non-invasive properties, the NV color centers have excellent performance in single-molecule measurements. So far, the NV centers have achieved high sensitivity in the detection of many physical quantities such as magnetic field, electric field, and temperature, showing their potential applications in versatile quantum sensors. The combination with the cross measurements from multiple perspectives is conducible to deepening the knowledge and understanding the new substances, materials, and phenomena. Starting from the microstructure of NV sensors, several detections under the special magnetic field condition of zero field, including zero-field paramagnetic resonance detection and electric field detection, are introduced in this work.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
中国科学技术大学近代物理系, 中国科学院微观磁共振重点实验室, 合肥　230026

2.
中国科学技术大学, 合肥微尺度物质科学国家研究中心, 合肥　230026

3.
中国科学技术大学, 量子信息与量子科技前沿协同创新中心, 合肥　230026

通信作者: 石发展, fzshi@ustc.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划 (批准号: 2018YFA0306600, 2016YFA0502400)、国家自然科学基金 (批准号: 81788101, T2125011, 31971156)、中国科学院 (批准号: GJJSTD20170001, QYZDY-SSW-SLH004, YIPA2015370)、安徽量子信息技术引导专项 (批准号: AHY050000)和统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设专项资金 (批准号: YD2340002004)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

1.
CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

2.
Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

3.
Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Corresponding author: Shi Fa-Zhan, fzshi@ustc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2018YFA0306600, 2016YFA0502400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81788101, T2125011, 31971156), the Chinese Academy of Scineces (Grant Nos. GJJSTD20170001, QYZDY-SSW-SLH004, YIPA2015370), the Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies of Anhui Province, China (Grant No. AHY050000), and the USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative, China (Grant No. YD2340002004)

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参考文献

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[41]	Sarkar R, Ahuja P, Vasos P R, Bodenhausen G 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 053001 Google Scholar
[42]	Harty T, Allcock D, Ballance C J, Guidoni L, Janacek H, Linke N, Stacey D, Lucas D 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 220501 Google Scholar
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[45]	McConnell H, Thompson D, Fessenden R W 1959 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 45 1600 Google Scholar
[46]	Cole T, Kushida T, Heller H C 1963 J. Chem. Phys. 38 2915 Google Scholar
[47]	Erickson L E 1966 Phys. Rev. 143 295 Google Scholar
[48]	Neumann P, Kolesov R, Naydenov B, et al. 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 249 Google Scholar
[49]	Belthangady C, Bar-Gill N, Pham L M, Arai K, Le Sage D, Cappellaro P, Walsworth R L 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 157601 Google Scholar
[50]	Hartmann S, Hahn E 1962 Phys. Rev. 128 2042 Google Scholar
[51]	Tamarat P, Gaebel T, Rabeau J, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 083002 Google Scholar
[52]	Acosta V, Santori C, Faraon A, et al. 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 206401 Google Scholar
[53]	Bian K, Zheng W, Zeng X, Chen X, Stöhr R, Denisenko A, Yang S, Wrachtrup J, Jiang Y 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 2457
[54]	Xu X, Wang Z, Duan C, et al. 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 070502 Google Scholar
[55]	Broadway D A, Dontschuk N, Tsai A, et al. 2018 Nat. Electron. 1 502 Google Scholar
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[57]	Gross I, Akhtar W, Garcia V, et al. 2017 Nature 549 252 Google Scholar
[58]	Cheong S W, Mostovoy M 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 13 Google Scholar
[59]	Oberg L M, de Vries M O, Hanlon L, Strazdins K, Barson M S, Doherty M, Wrachtrup J 2020 Phys. Rev. Appl. 14 014085 Google Scholar
[60]	Ofori-Okai B, Pezzagna S, Chang K, Loretz M, Schirhagl R, Tao Y, Moores B, Groot-Berning K, Meijer J, Degen C 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 081406 Google Scholar
[61]	Sangtawesin S, Dwyer B L, Srinivasan S, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. X 9 031052

施引文献

图 1 (a)金刚石的晶格结构; (b) NV色心的能级结构和光跃迁过程

Fig. 1. (a) Crystal lattice structure of diamond; (b) energy level structure and optical transition processes of NV color centers.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 非零场(a)和零场(b)方法对比. θ是分子主轴和外磁场的夹角. 非零场下, 谱峰位置随角度变化, 但是零场谱位置始终保持不变

Fig. 2. Comparison of non-zero-field (a) and zero-field (b) methods. θ is the angle between the principle axis of the molecule and the external magnetic field. The position of the spectral peak varies with the angle in the non-zero field, but is always constant in the zero field.

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图 3 1/2核自旋和电子自旋耦合系统能级示意图

Fig. 3. Energy levels of 1/2 nuclear spin and 1/2 electron spin coupled system.

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图 4 微波驱动下, NV缀饰态能级和目标电子发生共振. 当目标自旋能级差$\Delta\omega=\varOmega/2$时, 就会和NV之间发生极化转移

Fig. 4. NV is driven by microwaves, and the dressed state energy levels resonate with the target spin. When the target spin energy level difference $\Delta\omega=\varOmega/2$, then polarization transfer between NV and target spin occurs.

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图 5 ¹⁵N-P1中心零场顺磁共振谱^[26]. 上面是spin-locking序列, 通过改变驱动功率$\varOmega $来扫描频率. 下面是实验结果

Fig. 5. Zero-field paramagnetic resonance spectrum of ¹⁵N-P1 center. Top, spin-locking sequence, by changing the driving power $\varOmega $ to scan the frequency. Bottom, the experimental results.

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图 6 零场顺磁共振关联谱序列. 虚线方框内表示射频对目标自旋的操控, 决定了最终的关联信号

Fig. 6. Correlation protocol for zero-field paramagnetic resonance measurements. The correlation signal depends on the manipulations on the target spin, which is denoted by the black dashed box.

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图 7 单个P1中心的高分辨顺磁共振谱^[27]　(a)两种跃迁的Ramsey实验的关联谱信号; (b)对图(a)中时域信号的傅里叶变换

Fig. 7. High-resolution electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of single P1 centers^[27]: (a) Correlation signals of Ramsey experiments for the two kinds of transitions; (b) Fourier transformations of the time-domain data in panel (a).

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图 8 上方是相位调制微波的波形示意图. 下面是NV自旋态在不同表象下的能级结构. 蓝色虚线表示电场作用产生的能量偏移

Fig. 8. Top is a schematic of the waveform of the phase-modulated microwave. Below is the energy structures of the NV center in the different frames by continuous phase-modulated microwave driving. The blue dashed line indicates the energy shift resulting from the electric field effect

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 (a)频率偏移量随着亥姆霍兹线圈电流和电极电压的变化^[28]; (b)不同电介质覆盖下, NV缀饰态的Ramsey振荡衰减^[28]; (c)图(b)中曲线的拟合的衰减速率, 黑色实线表示(12)式的拟合曲线, 橙色虚线示意反比的关系^[28]

Fig. 9. (a) Variation of frequency shift with Helmholtz coil current and electrode voltage^[28]. (b) Decay of Ramsey oscillations in the NV dressed states with different dielectric coverings^[28]. (c) Decay rate of the fitted curve in panel (b). The solid black line indicates the fitted curve of Eq. (12), and the dashed orange line shows the inverse relationship^[28]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	Mino L, Borfecchia E, Segura-Ruiz J, Giannini C, Martinez-Criado G, Lamberti C 2018 Rev. Mod. Phys. 90 025007 Google Scholar
[2]	Bian K, Gerber C, Heinrich A J, Müller D J, Scheuring S, Jiang Y 2021 Nat. Rev. Methods Primers 1 36
[3]	Xu K, Babcock H P, Zhuang X 2012 Nat. Methods 9 185 Google Scholar
[4]	Göttfert F, Wurm C A, Mueller V, Berning S, Cordes V C, Honigmann A, Hell S W 2013 Biophys. J. 105 L01 Google Scholar
[5]	Doherty M W, Manson N B, Delaney P, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Hollenberg L C 2013 Phys. Rep. 528 1 Google Scholar
[6]	Dutt M G, Childress L, Jiang L, Togan E, Maze J, Jelezko F, Zibrov A, Hemmer P, Lukin M 2007 Science 316 1312 Google Scholar
[7]	Waldherr G, Wang Y, Zaiser S, et al. 2014 Nature 506 204 Google Scholar
[8]	Ruf M, Wan N H, Choi H, Englund D, Hanson R 2021 J. Appl. Phys. 130 070901 Google Scholar
[9]	Degen C L, Reinhard F, Cappellaro P 2017 Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 035002 Google Scholar
[10]	Barry J F, Schloss J M, Bauch E, Turner M J, Hart C A, Pham L M, Walsworth R L 2020 Rev. Mod. Phys. 92 015004 Google Scholar
[11]	Mitchell M W, Alvarez S P 2020 Rev. Mod. Phys. 92 021001 Google Scholar
[12]	Balasubramanian G, Chan I, Kolesov R, et al. 2008 Nature 455 648 Google Scholar
[13]	Maze J R, Stanwix P L, Hodges J S, et al. 2008 Nature 455 644 Google Scholar
[14]	Shi F, Zhang Q, Wang P, et al. 2015 Science 347 1135 Google Scholar
[15]	Lovchinsky I, Sushkov A, Urbach E, et al. 2016 Science 351 836 Google Scholar
[16]	Dolde F, Fedder H, Doherty M W, et al. 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 459 Google Scholar
[17]	Barson M S, Peddibhotla P, Ovartchaiyapong P, et al. 2017 Nano Lett. 17 1496 Google Scholar
[18]	Kucsko G, Maurer P C, Yao N Y, Kubo M, Noh H J, Lo P K, Park H, Lukin M D 2013 Nature 500 54 Google Scholar
[19]	Dolde F, Doherty M W, Michl J, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 097603 Google Scholar
[20]	Barry J F, Turner M J, Schloss J M, Glenn D R, Song Y, Lukin M D, Park H, Walsworth R L 2016 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113 14133 Google Scholar
[21]	Choi J, Zhou H, Landig R, et al. 2020 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117 14636 Google Scholar
[22]	Fujiwara M, Sun S, Dohms A, et al. 2020 Sci. Adv. 6 eaba9636 Google Scholar
[23]	Rondin L, Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Roch J F, Maletinsky P, Jacques V 2014 Rep. Prog. Phys. 77 056503 Google Scholar
[24]	Shi F, Kong F, Zhao P, et al. 2018 Nat. Methods 15 697 Google Scholar
[25]	Zheng H, Xu J, Iwata G Z, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl. 11 064068 Google Scholar
[26]	Kong F, Zhao P, Ye X, Wang Z, Qin Z, Yu P, Su J, Shi F, Du J 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 1563
[27]	Kong F, Zhao P, Yu P, Qin Z, Huang Z, Wang Z, Wang M, Shi F, Du J 2020 Sci. Adv. 6 eaaz8244 Google Scholar
[28]	Li R, Kong F, Zhao P, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 247701 Google Scholar
[29]	Doherty M W, Manson N B, Delaney P, Hollenberg L C 2011 New J. Phys. 13 025019 Google Scholar
[30]	Gali A, Simon T, Lowther J 2011 New J. Phys. 13 025016 Google Scholar
[31]	Batalov A, Zierl C, Gaebel T, Neumann P, Chan I Y, Balasubramanian G, Hemmer P, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 077401 Google Scholar
[32]	Manson N, Harrison J, Sellars M 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 104303 Google Scholar
[33]	Van Oort E, Glasbeek M 1990 Chem. Phys. Lett. 168 529 Google Scholar
[34]	Mittiga T, Hsieh S, Zu C, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 246402 Google Scholar
[35]	Broadway D A, Johnson B, Barson M, et al. 2019 Nano Lett. 19 4543 Google Scholar
[36]	Hsieh S, Bhattacharyya P, Zu C, et al. 2019 Science 366 1349 Google Scholar
[37]	Toyli D M, Charles F, Christle D J, Dobrovitski V V, Awschalom D D 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110 8417 Google Scholar
[38]	Wrachtrup J, Finkler A 2016 J. Magn. Reson. 269 225 Google Scholar
[39]	Clore G M, Gronenborn A M 1991 Science 252 1390 Google Scholar
[40]	Borbat P, Costa-Filho A, Earle K, Moscicki J, Freed J 2001 Science 291 266 Google Scholar
[41]	Sarkar R, Ahuja P, Vasos P R, Bodenhausen G 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 053001 Google Scholar
[42]	Harty T, Allcock D, Ballance C J, Guidoni L, Janacek H, Linke N, Stacey D, Lucas D 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 220501 Google Scholar
[43]	Wolfowicz G, Tyryshkin A M, George R E, Riemann H, Abrosimov N V, Becker P, Pohl H J, Thewalt M L, Lyon S A, Morton J J 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 561 Google Scholar
[44]	Emondts M, Ledbetter M P, Pustelny S, Theis T, Patton B, Blanchard J W, Butler M C, Budker D, Pines A 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 077601 Google Scholar
[45]	McConnell H, Thompson D, Fessenden R W 1959 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 45 1600 Google Scholar
[46]	Cole T, Kushida T, Heller H C 1963 J. Chem. Phys. 38 2915 Google Scholar
[47]	Erickson L E 1966 Phys. Rev. 143 295 Google Scholar
[48]	Neumann P, Kolesov R, Naydenov B, et al. 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 249 Google Scholar
[49]	Belthangady C, Bar-Gill N, Pham L M, Arai K, Le Sage D, Cappellaro P, Walsworth R L 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 157601 Google Scholar
[50]	Hartmann S, Hahn E 1962 Phys. Rev. 128 2042 Google Scholar
[51]	Tamarat P, Gaebel T, Rabeau J, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 083002 Google Scholar
[52]	Acosta V, Santori C, Faraon A, et al. 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 206401 Google Scholar
[53]	Bian K, Zheng W, Zeng X, Chen X, Stöhr R, Denisenko A, Yang S, Wrachtrup J, Jiang Y 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 2457
[54]	Xu X, Wang Z, Duan C, et al. 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 070502 Google Scholar
[55]	Broadway D A, Dontschuk N, Tsai A, et al. 2018 Nat. Electron. 1 502 Google Scholar
[56]	Jiang M, Wu T, Blanchard J W, Feng G, Peng X, Budker D 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 eaar6327 Google Scholar
[57]	Gross I, Akhtar W, Garcia V, et al. 2017 Nature 549 252 Google Scholar
[58]	Cheong S W, Mostovoy M 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 13 Google Scholar
[59]	Oberg L M, de Vries M O, Hanlon L, Strazdins K, Barson M S, Doherty M, Wrachtrup J 2020 Phys. Rev. Appl. 14 014085 Google Scholar
[60]	Ofori-Okai B, Pezzagna S, Chang K, Loretz M, Schirhagl R, Tao Y, Moores B, Groot-Berning K, Meijer J, Degen C 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 081406 Google Scholar
[61]	Sangtawesin S, Dwyer B L, Srinivasan S, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. X 9 031052

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基于金刚石固态单自旋的纳米尺度零场探测