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圆孔型声子晶体, 因结构简单、制作方便, 被广泛应用于换能器的性能优化研究. 研究发现, 圆孔型声子晶体结构的孔隙越大, 弹性波的能量局域化效果越好. 但是高孔隙度意味着圆孔间的距离较窄, 会大幅降低结构的机械强度. 柱状声子晶体结构的提出, 解决了圆孔型声子晶体结构需要高孔隙度, 对结构尺寸精度要求高的问题, 为压电超声换能器的性能优化提供了新思路. 利用在换能器的前、后盖板上加工的柱状和声学表面结构, 操控声波的传输行为和路径, 从而实现对换能器中耦合振动的有效控制, 不仅解决了换能器因振动能量不能均匀传递而导致的辐射面振幅分布不均匀的问题, 还使其辐射面的位移振幅得到了显著提升, 提高了换能器的工作效率. 仿真计算结果揭示了柱状和声学表面结构的配置对换能器性能的影响规律, 实验结果证明柱状和声学表面结构可以有效提升压电超声换能器的性能, 研究可以为换能器的工程计算及优化提供系统的设计理论证明.
The band gap, localization, and waveguide characteristics of phononic crystal structures offer extensive potential applications in transducer field, particularly for circular-hole phononic crystals, which are extensively utilized in research on performance optimization of transducers due to their straightforward structure and easy fabrication. Nonetheless, studies have revealed that the bandgap width of circular-hole phononic crystal structures is directly proportional to their porosity. Typically, a higher porosity leads to enhanced energy localization of elastic waves. However, high porosity implies a narrower distance between circular holes, greatly reducing the mechanical strength of the structure. The introduction of columnar phononic crystal structures solves the problems of high porosity and strict dimensional accuracy requirements in circular-hole phononic crystal structures, providing a new approach for enhancing the performance of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. This study employs cylindrical and acoustic surface structures fabricated on the front and rear cover plates of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers to manipulate the transmission behavior and pathway of sound waves, thereby achieving effective control over coupled vibrations within the transducer. This approach not only solves the problem of uneven amplitude distribution on the radiation surface due to uneven vibration energy transmission but also markedly enhances the displacement amplitude of the transducer’s radiation surface, ultimately enhancing its operational efficiency. The simulation results elucidate the influences of the configuration of these cylindrical and acoustic surface structures on transducer performance. Experimental findings further validate that these structures can effectively improve the performance of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. This study provides systematic design theory support for the engineering calculation and optimization of transducers. -
Keywords:
- porous phononic crystals /
- columnar and acoustic surface structures /
- piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers /
- performance optimization
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图 1 大尺寸换能器的结构和振型图 (a) 结构图; (b) 振型图; (c) 辐射面位移分布图
Fig. 1. Structure and vibration mode diagram of large-sized transducer: (a) Structural diagram; (b) vibration mode diagram; (c) displacement distribution diagram of radiation surface.
图 2 大尺寸换能器的辐射面位移振幅
Fig. 2. Radiation surface displacement amplitude of large-sized transducer.
图 3 柱状和声学表面结构的前盖板的结构示意图
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the front cover plate with columnar and acoustic surface structures.
图 4 柱状和声学表面结构的前盖板的俯视图和侧视图
Fig. 4. Top and side views of the front cover plate with columnar and acoustic surface structures.
图 5 柱状和声学表面结构换能器的后盖板的结构示意图
Fig. 5. Structural schematic diagram of optimized rear cover plate.
图 6 柱状和声学表面结构的压电超声换能器的结构和振型图
Fig. 6. Structural and vibration mode diagrams of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer with columnar and acoustic surface structure.
图 8 柱状结构的边长和高度对换能器性能的影响
Fig. 8. Influences of the side length and height of columnar structures on the performance of transducers.
图 9 圆柱体孔的半径对换能器性能的影响
Fig. 9. Influence of the radius of the cylindrical hole on the performance of the transducer.
图 10 环槽的高度对换能器性能的影响
Fig. 10. Influence of the height of the ring groove on the performance of the transducer.
图 11 表面凹槽的厚度对换能器性能的影响.
Fig. 11. Influence of the thickness of surface grooves on the performance of transducers.
图 12 柱状和声学表面结构的压电超声换能器的实物图
Fig. 12. Physical image of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer with columnar and acoustic surface structure.
图 13 柱状和声学表面结构的压电超声换能器的阻抗特性测量过程图
Fig. 13. Measurement process diagram of impedance characteristics of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers with columnar and acoustic surface structures.
图 14 柱状和声学表面结构的压电超声换能器的输入电阻抗与谐振频率的测量 (a) 测量结果; (b) 仿真导纳曲线图
Fig. 14. Measurement of input impedance and resonant frequency of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers with columnar and acoustic surface structures: (a) Measurement results; (b) simulation admittance curve.
图 15 换能器的辐射面位移振幅分布的实验测量 (a) 测试图; (b) 柱状和声学表面结构的压电超声换能器的测量结果; (c) 未优化换能器的测量结果
Fig. 15. Experimental measurement of the displacement amplitude distribution of the radiation surface of the transducer: (a) Test chart; (b) measurement results of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers with columnar and acoustic surface structures; (c) measurement results of the transducer have not been optimized.
表 1 大尺寸换能器的详细参数
Table 1. Detailed parameters of large-sized transducer.
组件名称 材料 形状 上底半径
/mm下底半径
/mm高度
/mm后盖板 Steel AISI
4340 钢等截面
圆柱31 31 30 前盖板 Aluminium
6063-T83圆台 31 50 35 压电陶瓷
圆环(2片)PZT-4 等截面
圆环内径7
外径30内径7
外径308 
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表 2 (3)式—(6)式中各常数取值
Table 2. The values of the constants in Eqs. (3)—(6).
A B C D (3)式 x为柱高 19651.327 –277.955 11.400 –0.142 x为柱边长 10141.232 2616.509 –221.630 7.083 x为圆柱体孔半径 17511.585 –3.807 4.071 –0.893 x为环槽高度 17405.221 88.233 –26.829 3.145 x为凹槽厚度 17512.152 4.646 –0.732 0.746×10–1 (4)式 y为圆柱体孔半径 17511.585 –3.807 4.071 –0.893 y为环槽高度 17405.221 88.233 –26.829 3.145 (5)式 y1为表面凹槽厚度 2.909×10–4 8.421×10–6 — — (6)式 z为柱高 41.422 4.051 0.022 –0.454×10–2 z为柱边长 –572.671 386.836 –72.945 4.206 z为圆柱体孔半径 87.149 5.651 –0.866 –0.174 z为环槽的高度 91.649 4.283 –1.871 0.221
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