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Solid-state electronic spin system of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is attractive as a nanoscale quantum sensor under room-temperature dueto its unique characteristics such as stable fluorescence, long coherent time, and near-atomic size under ambient conditions. Nowadays, the NV center plays a significant role in super-resolution microscopies. Different super-resolution microscopies have been used on NV center to archievenanoscale spatial resolution. Moreover, the spin state in NV center can be regraded as a solid-state qubit, which can be optically polarized and read out. The spin state can couple with electromagnetic fields and strain, which enables the NV center to be an excellent quantum sensor with high spatial resolution and high sensitivity. Such an NV-center based quantum sensing technique is being developed for applications in newmateriales, single protein nuclear spin dynamic field, life science, etc. This review will introduce the basic principle of such a nanoscale quantum sensor, the experimental realization, methods of enhancing the sensitivity, and some applications in high-spatial-resolution and high-sensitivity sensing.
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Keywords:
- nitrogen-vacancy center /
- nanoscale /
- quantum senser at room temperature /
- quantum enhancement
[1] Wrachtrup J, von Borczyskowski C, Bernard J, Orrit M, Brown R 1993 Nature 363 244
[2] Taylor J M, Cappellaro P, Childress L, Jiang L, Budker D, Hemmer P R, Lukin M D 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 810
[3] Zhou J W, Wang P F, Shi F Z, Huang P, Kong X, Xu X K, Du J F 2014 Fron. Phys. 9 587
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[9] Rondin L, Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Roch J F, Maletinsky P, Jacques V 2014 Rep. Prog. Phys. 77 056503
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[12] Degen C L, Reinhard F, Cappellaro P 2017 Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 035002
[13] Chen X D, Sun F W, Zou C L, Cui J M, Zhou L M, Guo G C 2013 EPL 101 67003
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[16] Taylor J M, Cappellaro P, Childress L, Jiang L, Budker D, Hemmer P R, Lukin M D 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 810
[17] Staudacher T, Shi F, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Du J, Meriles C A, Wrachtrup J 2013 Science 339 561
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[19] Wang J, Feng F, Zhang J, Chen J, Zheng Z, Guo L, Zou C 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 155404
[20] Lee D, Lee K W, Cady J V, Ovartchaiyapong P, Jayich A C B 2017 J. Opt. 19 033001
[21] Maletinsky P, Hong S, Grinolds M S, Hausmann B, Lukin M D, Walsworth R L, Loncar M, Yacoby A 2012 Nat. Nanotechnol. 7 320
[22] Rondin L, Tetienne J P, Spinicelli P, Dal Savio C, Karrai K, Dantelle G, Thiaville A, Rohart S, Roch J F, Jacques V 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 153118
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[35] Rittweger E, Wildanger D, Hell S W 2009 EPL 86 14001
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[37] Li S, Chen X D, Zhao B W, Dong Y, Zou C W, Guo G C, Sun F W 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 111107
[38] Chen X D, Li S, Shen A, Dong Y, Dong C H, Guo G C, Sun F W 2017 Phy. Rev. Appl. 7 014008
[39] Maurer P C, Maze J R, Stanwix P L, Jiang L, Gorshkov A V, Zibrov A A, Harke B, Hodges J S, Zibrov A S, Yacoby A, Twitchen D, Hell S W, Walsworth R L, Lukin M D 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 912
[40] Pfender M, Aslam N, Waldherr G, Neumann P, Wrachtrup J 2014 PNAS 111 14669
[41] Chen E H, Gaathon O, Trusheim M E, Englund D 2013 Nano Lett. 13 2073
[42] Simpson D A, Tetienne J P, McCoey J M, Ganesan K, Hall1 L T, Petrou S, Scholten R E, Hollenberg L C L 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 22797
[43] Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Kim J V, Diez L H, Adam J P, Garcia K, Roch J F, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Ravelosona D, Jacques V 2014 Science 344 1366
[44] Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Martinez L J, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Diez L H, Garcia K, Adam J P, Kim J V, Roch J F, Miron I M, Gaudin G, Vila L, Ocker B, Ravelosona D, Jacques V 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 6733
[45] Dovzhenko Y, Casola F, Schlotter S, Zhou T X, Bttner F, Walsworth R L, Beach G S D, Yacoby A 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 2712
[46] Tetienne J P, Dontschuk N, Broadway D A, Stacey A, Simpson D A, Hollenberg L C L 2017 Sci. Adv. 3 e1602429
[47] Chang K, Eichler A, Rhensius J, Lorenzelli L, Degen C L 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2367
[48] Laraoui A, Aycock-Rizzo H, Gao Y, Lu X, Riedo E, Meriles C A 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8954
[49] Tetienne J P, Lombard A, Simpson D A, Ritchie C, Lu J N, Mulvaney P, Hollenberg L C L 2016 Nano Lett. 16 326
[50] Beams R, Smith D, Johnson T W, Oh S H, Novotny L, Vamivakas A N 2013 Nano Lett. 13 3807
[51] Cuche A, Drezet A, Sonnefraud Y, Faklaris O, Treussart F, Roch J F, Huant S 2009 Opt. Express 17 19969
[52] Merchant K, Sarkar S K 2016 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 22 235
[53] Hsiao W W, Hui Y Y, Tsai P C, Chang H C 2016 Acc. Chem. Res. 49 400
[54] Mohan N, Chen C S, Hsieh H H, Wu Y C, Chang H C 2010 Nano Lett. 10 3692
[55] Wu Y Z, Jelezko F, Plenio M B, Weil T 2016 Angew. Chem. Int Ed. 55 6586
[56] Tzeng Y K, Faklaris O, Chang B M, Kuo Y, Hsu J H, Chang H C 2011 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 2262
[57] Liu W, Naydenov B, Chakrabortty S, Wuensch B, Hu ner K, Ritz S, Leiter R 2016 Nano Lett. 16 6236
[58] Kucsko G, Maurer P C, Yao N Y, Kubo M, Noh H J, Lo P K, Park H, Lukin M D 2013 Nature 500 54
[59] Hall L T, Simpson D A, Hollenberg L C L 2013 MRS Bull. 38
[60] Hall L T, Beart G C G, Thomas E A, Simpson D A, McGuinness L P, Cole J H, Manton H, Scholten R E, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Petrou S, Hollenberg L C L 2012 Sci. Rep. 2 401
[61] Le Sage D, Pham L M, Bar-Gill N, Belthangady C, Lukin M D, Yacoby A, Walsworth R L 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 121202
[62] Li S, Li C H, Zhao B W, Dong Y, Li C C, Chen X D, Sun F W 2017 Chin. Phys. Lett. 34 096101
[63] Du J, Rong X, Zhao N, Wang Y, Yang J, Liu R B 2009 Nature 461 126
[64] Ryan C A, Hodges J S, Cory D G 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 200402
[65] de Lange G, Wang Z H, Riste D, Dobrovitski V V, Hanson R 2010 Science 330 60
[66] Zhao N, Ho S W, Liu R B 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 115303
[67] Bundy F P, Hall H T, Strong H M, Jun R W 1955 Nature 176 51
[68] Markham M L, Dodson J M, Scarsbrook G A, Twitchen D J, Balasubramanian G, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J 2011 Diam. Relat. Mater. 20 134
[69] Dong Y, Chen X D, Guo G C, Sun F W 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 05232
[70] Degen C L 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 243111
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[1] Wrachtrup J, von Borczyskowski C, Bernard J, Orrit M, Brown R 1993 Nature 363 244
[2] Taylor J M, Cappellaro P, Childress L, Jiang L, Budker D, Hemmer P R, Lukin M D 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 810
[3] Zhou J W, Wang P F, Shi F Z, Huang P, Kong X, Xu X K, Du J F 2014 Fron. Phys. 9 587
[4] Cui J M, Sun F W, Chen X D, Gong Z J, Guo G C 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 153901
[5] Doherty M W, Manson N B, Delaney P, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Hollenberg L C 2013 Phys. Rep. 528 1
[6] Chen X D, Dong C H, Sun F W, Zou C L, Cui J M, Han Z F, Guo G C 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 161903
[7] Schirhagl R, Chang K, Loretz M, Degen C L 2014 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 65 83
[8] Ishikawa T, Fu K M C, Santori C, Acosta V M, Beausoleil R G, Watanabe H, Itoh K M 2012 Nano Lett. 12 2083
[9] Rondin L, Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Roch J F, Maletinsky P, Jacques V 2014 Rep. Prog. Phys. 77 056503
[10] Chen X D 2014 Study of the Photochromism of Nitrogen Vacancy Center in Diamond (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese) [陈向东 2014 金刚石中NV色心光致变色的研究 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学)]
[11] Dréau A, Lesik M, Rondin L, Spinicelli P, Arcizet O, Roch J F, Jacques V 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 195204
[12] Degen C L, Reinhard F, Cappellaro P 2017 Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 035002
[13] Chen X D, Sun F W, Zou C L, Cui J M, Zhou L M, Guo G C 2013 EPL 101 67003
[14] Maertz B J, Wijnheijmer A P, Fuchs G D, Nowakowski M E, Awschalom D D 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 092504
[15] Balasubramanian G, Neumann P, Twitchen D, Markham M, Kolesov R, Mizuochi N, Jacques V 2009 Nat. Mater. 8 383
[16] Taylor J M, Cappellaro P, Childress L, Jiang L, Budker D, Hemmer P R, Lukin M D 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 810
[17] Staudacher T, Shi F, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Du J, Meriles C A, Wrachtrup J 2013 Science 339 561
[18] Matthew Naides https://levlab stanford edu/sites/default/files/NaidesThesisFinal_augmented.pdf [2018-3-26]
[19] Wang J, Feng F, Zhang J, Chen J, Zheng Z, Guo L, Zou C 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 155404
[20] Lee D, Lee K W, Cady J V, Ovartchaiyapong P, Jayich A C B 2017 J. Opt. 19 033001
[21] Maletinsky P, Hong S, Grinolds M S, Hausmann B, Lukin M D, Walsworth R L, Loncar M, Yacoby A 2012 Nat. Nanotechnol. 7 320
[22] Rondin L, Tetienne J P, Spinicelli P, Dal Savio C, Karrai K, Dantelle G, Thiaville A, Rohart S, Roch J F, Jacques V 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 153118
[23] Balasubramanian G, Chan I Y, Kolesov R, Al-Hmoud M, Tisler J, Shin C, Kim C, Wojcik A, Hemmer P R, Krueger A, Hanke T, Leitenstorfer A, Bratschitsch R, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J 2008 Nature 455 648
[24] Grinolds M S, Hong S, Maletinsky P, Luan L, Lukin M D, Walsworth R L, Yacoby A 2013 Nat. Phys. 9 215
[25] Babinec T M, Hausmann B J M, Khan M, Zhang Y, Maze J R, Hemmer P R, Loncar M 2010 Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 195
[26] Leung B O, Chou K C 2011 Appl. Spectros. 65 967
[27] Heilemann M 2010 J. Biotechnol. 149 243
[28] Schermelleh L, Carlton P M, Haase S, Shao L, Winoto L, Kner P, Leonhardt H 2008 Science 320 1332
[29] Rittweger E, Han K Y, Irvine S E, Eggeling C, Hell S W 2009 Nat. Photon. 3 144
[30] Wildanger D, Patton B R, Schill H, Marseglia L, Hadden J P, Knauer S, Schönle A, Rarity J G, O'Brien J L, Hell S W, Smith J M 2012 Adv. Mater. 24 309
[31] Arroyo-Camejo S, Adam M P, Besbes M, Hugonin J P, Jacques V, Greffet J J, Treussart F 2013 ACS Nano. 7 10912
[32] Osseforth C, Moffitt J R, Schermelleh L, Michaelis J 2014 Opt. Express 22 7028
[33] Yang X, Xie H, Alonas E, Liu Y J, Chen X Z, Santangelo P J, Ren Q S, Xi P, Jin D Y 2016 Light-Sci. Appl. 5 e16134
[34] Han K Y, Kim S K, Eggeling C, Hell S W 2010 Nano Lett. 10 3199
[35] Rittweger E, Wildanger D, Hell S W 2009 EPL 86 14001
[36] Chen X D, Zou C L, Gong Z J, Dong C H, Guo G C, Sun F W 2015 Light-Sci. Appl. 4 e230
[37] Li S, Chen X D, Zhao B W, Dong Y, Zou C W, Guo G C, Sun F W 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 111107
[38] Chen X D, Li S, Shen A, Dong Y, Dong C H, Guo G C, Sun F W 2017 Phy. Rev. Appl. 7 014008
[39] Maurer P C, Maze J R, Stanwix P L, Jiang L, Gorshkov A V, Zibrov A A, Harke B, Hodges J S, Zibrov A S, Yacoby A, Twitchen D, Hell S W, Walsworth R L, Lukin M D 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 912
[40] Pfender M, Aslam N, Waldherr G, Neumann P, Wrachtrup J 2014 PNAS 111 14669
[41] Chen E H, Gaathon O, Trusheim M E, Englund D 2013 Nano Lett. 13 2073
[42] Simpson D A, Tetienne J P, McCoey J M, Ganesan K, Hall1 L T, Petrou S, Scholten R E, Hollenberg L C L 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 22797
[43] Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Kim J V, Diez L H, Adam J P, Garcia K, Roch J F, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Ravelosona D, Jacques V 2014 Science 344 1366
[44] Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Martinez L J, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Diez L H, Garcia K, Adam J P, Kim J V, Roch J F, Miron I M, Gaudin G, Vila L, Ocker B, Ravelosona D, Jacques V 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 6733
[45] Dovzhenko Y, Casola F, Schlotter S, Zhou T X, Bttner F, Walsworth R L, Beach G S D, Yacoby A 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 2712
[46] Tetienne J P, Dontschuk N, Broadway D A, Stacey A, Simpson D A, Hollenberg L C L 2017 Sci. Adv. 3 e1602429
[47] Chang K, Eichler A, Rhensius J, Lorenzelli L, Degen C L 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2367
[48] Laraoui A, Aycock-Rizzo H, Gao Y, Lu X, Riedo E, Meriles C A 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8954
[49] Tetienne J P, Lombard A, Simpson D A, Ritchie C, Lu J N, Mulvaney P, Hollenberg L C L 2016 Nano Lett. 16 326
[50] Beams R, Smith D, Johnson T W, Oh S H, Novotny L, Vamivakas A N 2013 Nano Lett. 13 3807
[51] Cuche A, Drezet A, Sonnefraud Y, Faklaris O, Treussart F, Roch J F, Huant S 2009 Opt. Express 17 19969
[52] Merchant K, Sarkar S K 2016 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 22 235
[53] Hsiao W W, Hui Y Y, Tsai P C, Chang H C 2016 Acc. Chem. Res. 49 400
[54] Mohan N, Chen C S, Hsieh H H, Wu Y C, Chang H C 2010 Nano Lett. 10 3692
[55] Wu Y Z, Jelezko F, Plenio M B, Weil T 2016 Angew. Chem. Int Ed. 55 6586
[56] Tzeng Y K, Faklaris O, Chang B M, Kuo Y, Hsu J H, Chang H C 2011 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 2262
[57] Liu W, Naydenov B, Chakrabortty S, Wuensch B, Hu ner K, Ritz S, Leiter R 2016 Nano Lett. 16 6236
[58] Kucsko G, Maurer P C, Yao N Y, Kubo M, Noh H J, Lo P K, Park H, Lukin M D 2013 Nature 500 54
[59] Hall L T, Simpson D A, Hollenberg L C L 2013 MRS Bull. 38
[60] Hall L T, Beart G C G, Thomas E A, Simpson D A, McGuinness L P, Cole J H, Manton H, Scholten R E, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Petrou S, Hollenberg L C L 2012 Sci. Rep. 2 401
[61] Le Sage D, Pham L M, Bar-Gill N, Belthangady C, Lukin M D, Yacoby A, Walsworth R L 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 121202
[62] Li S, Li C H, Zhao B W, Dong Y, Li C C, Chen X D, Sun F W 2017 Chin. Phys. Lett. 34 096101
[63] Du J, Rong X, Zhao N, Wang Y, Yang J, Liu R B 2009 Nature 461 126
[64] Ryan C A, Hodges J S, Cory D G 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 200402
[65] de Lange G, Wang Z H, Riste D, Dobrovitski V V, Hanson R 2010 Science 330 60
[66] Zhao N, Ho S W, Liu R B 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 115303
[67] Bundy F P, Hall H T, Strong H M, Jun R W 1955 Nature 176 51
[68] Markham M L, Dodson J M, Scarsbrook G A, Twitchen D J, Balasubramanian G, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J 2011 Diam. Relat. Mater. 20 134
[69] Dong Y, Chen X D, Guo G C, Sun F W 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 05232
[70] Degen C L 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 243111
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