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In this work, β-Ga2O3 films with different thickness are prepared on (001) sapphire substrates at room temperature by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering technology, then the samples are annealed in an Ar atmosphere at 800 ℃ for 1h. The effects of film thickness on the phase composition, surface morphology, optical property, and photoelectric detection performance are investigated using XRD, SEM, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, PL photoluminescence spectrometer, and Keithley 4200-SCS semiconductor characterization system. The results show that as the film thickness increases, the film crystallinity is improved, films with a thickness of 840 nm exhibit best quality, while those with a thickness of 1050 nm declines a little in quality. The β-Ga2O3 films with different thickness exhibit obvious ultraviolet light absorption in the solar-blind region with wavelengths of 200–300 nm, and the bandgap width increases with the film thickness increasing. All the β-Ga2O3 films show a broad UV-green light emission peaks in a wavelength range of 350–600 nm. As the film thickness increases, the intensities of the emission peaks of ultraviolet, violet, and blue light are greatly reduced, indicating that oxygen vacancy-related defects (VO, VGa–VO) are greatly suppressed with film thickness increasing. Solar-blind ultraviolet photodetector is fabricated based on the β-Ga2O3 film. Its photoelectric detection performances (the photo-to-dark current ratio, responsivity, detectivity, and external quantum efficiency) also increase first and decrease then with the increase of film thickness. The β-Ga2O3 ultraviolet photodetector prepared by a thin film with a thickness of 840 nm exhibits a very low dark current (4.9 × 10–12 A) under a 5 V bias voltage and an ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 254 nm (600 μW/cm2). It exhibits a high photo-to-dark current ratio of 3.2 × 105, and a short response time of 0.09/0.80 s (rising time) and 0.06/0.53 s ratio (falling time). Its responsivity (R), detectivity (D *), and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) are 1.19 mA/W, 1.9 × 1011 Jones, and 0.58%, respectively. The prepared device has quantifiable characteristics, and its photocurrent increases almost linearly with the increase of applied voltage and optical power density, and therefore can work in a linear dynamic region, which indicates that it is very suitable for fabricating the solar-blind ultra-violet detectors.
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Keywords:
- β-Ga2O3 films /
- solar-blind UV detector /
- film thickness /
- photoelectric detection performance
[1] Chen H Y, Liu K W, Hu L F, Al-Ghamdi A A, Fang X S 2015 Mater. Today 18 493Google Scholar
[2] 时浩泽 2018 硕士学位论文 (浙江: 浙江理工大学)
Shi H Z 2018 M. S. Thesis (Zhejiang: Zhejiang Sci-Tech University) (in Chinese)
[3] 郭道友, 李培刚, 陈政委, 吴真平, 唐为华 2019 物理学报 68 078501Google Scholar
Guo D Y, Li P G, Chen Z W, Wu Z P, Tang W H 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 078501Google Scholar
[4] 马海林, 苏庆 2014 物理学报 63 116701Google Scholar
Ma H L, Su Q 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 116701Google Scholar
[5] 陈彦成 2019 硕士学位论文 (河南: 郑州大学)
Chen Y C 2019 M. S. Thesis (Henan: Zhengzhou University) (in Chinese)
[6] 崔书娟 2018 硕士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)
Cui S J 2018 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[7] Han S, Huang X L, Fang M Z, Zhao W G, Xu S J, Zhu D L, Xu W Y, Fang M, Liu W J, Cao P J, Lu Y M 2019 J. Mater. Chem. C 7 11834Google Scholar
[8] Guo D Y, Wu Z P, Li P G, An Y H, Liu H, Guo X C, Yan H, Wang G F, Sun C L, Li L H, Tang W H 2014 Opt. Mater. Express 4 1067Google Scholar
[9] Shen H, Baskaran K, Yin Y N, Tian K, Duan L B, Zhao X R, Tiwari A 2020 J. Alloys Compd. 822 153419Google Scholar
[10] Yang H, Liu Y, Luo X G, Li Y, Wu D S, He K Y, Feng Z C 2019 Superlattices Microstruct. 131 21Google Scholar
[11] Zhang X Y, Wang L, Wang X D, Chen Y, Shao Q Q, Wu G G, Wang X Y, Lin T, Shen H, Wang J L, Meng X J, Chu J H 2020 Opt. Express 28 4169Google Scholar
[12] An Y H, Zhi Y S, Cui W, Zhao X L, Wu Z P, Guo D Y, Li P G, Tang W H 2017 J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 17 9091Google Scholar
[13] 李世韦 2021 硕士学位论文 (福建: 厦门理工学院)
Li S W 2021 M. S. Thesis (Fujian: Xiamen University of Technology) (in Chinese)
[14] 郑树文, 范广涵, 何苗, 赵灵智 2014 物理学报 63 057102Google Scholar
Zheng S W, Fan G H, He M, Zhao L Z 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 057102Google Scholar
[15] Shi Q, Wang Q G, Zhang D, Wang Q L, Li S H, Wang W J, Fan Q L, Zhang J Y 2019 J. Lumin. 206 53Google Scholar
[16] 周树仁, 张红, 莫慧兰, 刘浩文, 熊元强, 李泓霖, 孔春阳, 叶利娟, 李万俊 2021 物理学报 70 178503Google Scholar
Zhou S R, Zhang H, Mo H L, Liu H W, Xiong Y Q, Li H L, Kong C Y, Ye L J, Li W J 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 178503Google Scholar
[17] Mi W, Ma J, Luan C N, Xiao H D 2014 J. Lumin. 146 1Google Scholar
[18] 马腾宇, 李万俊, 何先旺, 胡慧, 黄利娟, 张红, 熊元强, 李泓霖, 叶利娟, 孔春阳 2020 物理学报 69 108102Google Scholar
Ma T Y, Li W J, He X W, Hu H, Huang L Y, Zhang H, Xiong Y Q, Li H L, Ye L J, Kong C Y 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 108102Google Scholar
[19] Yang Y, Zhang P 2010 Phys. Lett. A 374 4169Google Scholar
[20] Wei J Y, Shi F 2016 J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27 942Google Scholar
[21] Vanithakumari S C, Nanda K K 2009 Phosphors. Adv. Mater. 21 3581Google Scholar
[22] 祁祺, 陈海峰, 洪梓凡, 刘英英, 过立新, 李立珺, 陆芹, 贾一凡 2020 物理学报 69 168101Google Scholar
Qi Q, Chen H F, Hong Z F, Liu Y Y, Guo L X, Li L J, Lu Q, Jia Y F 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 168101Google Scholar
[23] Liu L L, Li M K, Yu D Q, Zhang J, Zhang H, Qian C, Yang Z 2010 Appl. Phys. A 9 831
[24] Huan Y W, Sun S M, Gu C J, Ding S J, Yu S Y, Liu W J, Ding S J, Yu H Y, Xia C T, Zhang D W 2018 Nanoscale Res. Lett. 13 246Google Scholar
[25] 雷挺, 吕伟明, 吕文星, 崔博垚, 胡瑞, 时文华, 曾中明 2021 物理学报 70 027801Google Scholar
Lei T, Lü W M, Lü W X, Cui B Y, Hu R, Shi W H, Zeng Z M 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 027801Google Scholar
[26] Tak B R, Garg M, Kumar A, Gupta V, Singh R 2019 ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 8 Q3149Google Scholar
[27] Razeghi M, Rogalski A 1996 J. Appl. Phys. 79 7433Google Scholar
[28] Fang Y, Armin A, Meredith P, Huang J S 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 1Google Scholar
[29] Kaur D, Kumar M 2021 Adv. Opti. Mater. 9 2002160Google Scholar
[30] Liu Z, Zhi Y, Li S, Liu Y, Tang X, Yan Z, Li P, Li X, Guo D, Wu Z, Tang W 2020 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 53 085105Google Scholar
[31] Liu Z, Li S, Yan Z, Liu Y, Zhi Y, Wang X, Wu Z, Li P, Tang W 2020 J. Mater. Chem. C 8 5071Google Scholar
[32] Zhi Y S, Jiang W Y, Liu Z, Liu Y Y, Chu X L, Liu J H, Li S, Yan Z Y, Wang Y H, Li P G, Wu Z P, Tang W H 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 057301Google Scholar
[33] Wang J, Ye L J, Wang X, Zhang H, Li L, Kong C, Li W J 2019 J. Alloys Compd. 803 9Google Scholar
[34] Zhang D, Zheng W, Lin R C, Li T T, Zhang Z J, Huang F 2018 J. Alloys Compd. 735 150Google Scholar
[35] Tak B R, Garg M, Dewan S, Torres-Castanedo C G, Li K H, Gupta V, Li X H, Singh R 2019 J. Appl. Phys. 125 144501Google Scholar
[36] Qian L X, Wu Z H, Zhang Y Y, Lai P T, Liu X Z, Li Y R 2017 ACS Photonics 4 2203Google Scholar
[37] Yu M, Lv C D, Yu J G, Shen Y M, Yuan L, Hu J C, Zhang S G, Cheng H J, Zhang Y M, Jia R X 2020 Mater. Today Commun. 25 101532Google Scholar
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图 3 (a)不同厚度β-Ga2O3薄膜的UV-Vis吸收光谱; (b)β-Ga2O3薄膜α2随hν的变化曲线; (c)不同厚度β-Ga2O3薄膜的光学带隙(Eg)图
Figure 3. (a) UV-Vis absorption spectra of β-Ga2O3 thin films with different thicknesses; (b) plot of absorption coefficient vs. photon energy of the β-Ga2O3 films; (c) dependence of optical band gap (Eg) on thickness of the β-Ga2O3 films.
图 4 (a)不同薄膜厚度的β-Ga2O3薄膜的PL光谱; (b)薄膜厚度约为840 nm的Ga2O3薄膜的PL高斯拟合峰; (c)—(f)分别显示了不同厚度Ga2O3薄膜在波长约为378, 415, 456和511 nm处的PL拟合峰
Figure 4. (a) PL spectrum of the β-Ga2O3 films with different thicknesses; (b) PL Gaussian fitting peak of the β-Ga2O3 film with a thickness of ~840 nm; (c)–(f) respectively shows the PL fitting peaks at ~378, ~415, ~456 and ~511 nm of the β-Ga2O3 films.
图 5 (a) β-Ga2O3紫外光电探测器层结构示意图; (b)不同薄膜厚度β-Ga2O3 器件的I-t图; (c), (d) A和D器件瞬态响应曲线的局部放大图
Figure 5. (a) Schematic diagram of the β-Ga2O3 ultraviolet photodetector layer structure; (b) I-t curves of the devices based on β-Ga2O3 films with different thicknesses; (c), (d) magnification diagrams of the transient response curves of the device A and D.
图 6 (a), (c), (e)为不同器件的I-V曲线, 其中插图为暗电流与电压关系的放大图; (b), (d), (f)为不同器件的光暗电流对数坐标图
Figure 6. (a), (c), (e) I-V curves of device A, D and E, respectively. The insets are the enlarged view of the relationship between dark current and voltage. (b), (d), (f) Logarithmic graphs of photo and dark current of device A, D and E, respectively.
图 8 (a) D器件在不同光功率密度光照下I-t图; (b) D器件在不同偏压下的I-t图; (c)光电流与光功率密度的关系; (d)光电流与外加偏压的关系
Figure 8. (a) I-t graph of D device under the illumination with different power densities; (b) I-t graph of D device under different bias voltages; (c) relationship between photocurrent and optical power density; (d) relationship between photocurrent and applied bias voltage.
表 1 β-Ga2O3薄膜的厚度
Table 1. Thickness of β-Ga2O3 film.
沉积时间/min 10 20 30 40 50 薄膜厚度/nm ~210 ~420 ~630 ~840 ~1050 表 2 不同器件的光响应时间汇总表
Table 2. Summary table of photo-response time of the device A to E.
器件名 A B C D E 上升时间 τr1/τr2 /s 0.35/3.14 0.21/2.57 0.15/1.69 0.09/0.80 0.07/0.69 下降时间 τd1/τd2 /s 0.16/0.68 0.13/0.61 0.09/0.58 0.06/0.53 0.05/0.48 表 3 国内外Ga2O3薄膜基光电探测器的主要性能指标对比
Table 3. Comparison of the representative photoresponse metrics of the photodetectors based on Ga2O3 films.
Samples Growth Bias /V Idark /nA τr /s τd/s PDCR R/ (A·W–1) Ref. β-Ga2O3 Sputtering 10 0.11 0.31/1.52 0.05/0.91 >103 — [33] β-Ga2O3 MOCVD 10 34 0.48 0.18 ~104 26.1 [34] β-Ga2O3 Sputtering 5 0.1 1.0/1.4 1.2/1.3 — — [12] Ga2O3 PLD 20 ~0.0001 0.004 0.104 ~108 0.0003 [11] β-Ga2O3 PLD 10 ~1.2 0.59/2.4 0.15/1.6 ~103 0.74 [35] α-Ga2O3 Sputtering 10 0.3386 0.41/2.04 0.02/0.35 — 70.26 [36] α/β-Ga2O3 Sol-gel 15 0.125 0.04/0.87 0.02/1.00 ~1.7×10 0.0177 [37] β-Ga2O3 Sputtering 10 0.56 0.51/3.04 0.07/0.08 — 0.028 [16] β-Ga2O3 Sputtering 5 ~0.0049 0.09/0.80 0.06/0.53 ~3.2×105 0.00119 This work -
[1] Chen H Y, Liu K W, Hu L F, Al-Ghamdi A A, Fang X S 2015 Mater. Today 18 493Google Scholar
[2] 时浩泽 2018 硕士学位论文 (浙江: 浙江理工大学)
Shi H Z 2018 M. S. Thesis (Zhejiang: Zhejiang Sci-Tech University) (in Chinese)
[3] 郭道友, 李培刚, 陈政委, 吴真平, 唐为华 2019 物理学报 68 078501Google Scholar
Guo D Y, Li P G, Chen Z W, Wu Z P, Tang W H 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 078501Google Scholar
[4] 马海林, 苏庆 2014 物理学报 63 116701Google Scholar
Ma H L, Su Q 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 116701Google Scholar
[5] 陈彦成 2019 硕士学位论文 (河南: 郑州大学)
Chen Y C 2019 M. S. Thesis (Henan: Zhengzhou University) (in Chinese)
[6] 崔书娟 2018 硕士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)
Cui S J 2018 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[7] Han S, Huang X L, Fang M Z, Zhao W G, Xu S J, Zhu D L, Xu W Y, Fang M, Liu W J, Cao P J, Lu Y M 2019 J. Mater. Chem. C 7 11834Google Scholar
[8] Guo D Y, Wu Z P, Li P G, An Y H, Liu H, Guo X C, Yan H, Wang G F, Sun C L, Li L H, Tang W H 2014 Opt. Mater. Express 4 1067Google Scholar
[9] Shen H, Baskaran K, Yin Y N, Tian K, Duan L B, Zhao X R, Tiwari A 2020 J. Alloys Compd. 822 153419Google Scholar
[10] Yang H, Liu Y, Luo X G, Li Y, Wu D S, He K Y, Feng Z C 2019 Superlattices Microstruct. 131 21Google Scholar
[11] Zhang X Y, Wang L, Wang X D, Chen Y, Shao Q Q, Wu G G, Wang X Y, Lin T, Shen H, Wang J L, Meng X J, Chu J H 2020 Opt. Express 28 4169Google Scholar
[12] An Y H, Zhi Y S, Cui W, Zhao X L, Wu Z P, Guo D Y, Li P G, Tang W H 2017 J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 17 9091Google Scholar
[13] 李世韦 2021 硕士学位论文 (福建: 厦门理工学院)
Li S W 2021 M. S. Thesis (Fujian: Xiamen University of Technology) (in Chinese)
[14] 郑树文, 范广涵, 何苗, 赵灵智 2014 物理学报 63 057102Google Scholar
Zheng S W, Fan G H, He M, Zhao L Z 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 057102Google Scholar
[15] Shi Q, Wang Q G, Zhang D, Wang Q L, Li S H, Wang W J, Fan Q L, Zhang J Y 2019 J. Lumin. 206 53Google Scholar
[16] 周树仁, 张红, 莫慧兰, 刘浩文, 熊元强, 李泓霖, 孔春阳, 叶利娟, 李万俊 2021 物理学报 70 178503Google Scholar
Zhou S R, Zhang H, Mo H L, Liu H W, Xiong Y Q, Li H L, Kong C Y, Ye L J, Li W J 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 178503Google Scholar
[17] Mi W, Ma J, Luan C N, Xiao H D 2014 J. Lumin. 146 1Google Scholar
[18] 马腾宇, 李万俊, 何先旺, 胡慧, 黄利娟, 张红, 熊元强, 李泓霖, 叶利娟, 孔春阳 2020 物理学报 69 108102Google Scholar
Ma T Y, Li W J, He X W, Hu H, Huang L Y, Zhang H, Xiong Y Q, Li H L, Ye L J, Kong C Y 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 108102Google Scholar
[19] Yang Y, Zhang P 2010 Phys. Lett. A 374 4169Google Scholar
[20] Wei J Y, Shi F 2016 J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27 942Google Scholar
[21] Vanithakumari S C, Nanda K K 2009 Phosphors. Adv. Mater. 21 3581Google Scholar
[22] 祁祺, 陈海峰, 洪梓凡, 刘英英, 过立新, 李立珺, 陆芹, 贾一凡 2020 物理学报 69 168101Google Scholar
Qi Q, Chen H F, Hong Z F, Liu Y Y, Guo L X, Li L J, Lu Q, Jia Y F 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 168101Google Scholar
[23] Liu L L, Li M K, Yu D Q, Zhang J, Zhang H, Qian C, Yang Z 2010 Appl. Phys. A 9 831
[24] Huan Y W, Sun S M, Gu C J, Ding S J, Yu S Y, Liu W J, Ding S J, Yu H Y, Xia C T, Zhang D W 2018 Nanoscale Res. Lett. 13 246Google Scholar
[25] 雷挺, 吕伟明, 吕文星, 崔博垚, 胡瑞, 时文华, 曾中明 2021 物理学报 70 027801Google Scholar
Lei T, Lü W M, Lü W X, Cui B Y, Hu R, Shi W H, Zeng Z M 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 027801Google Scholar
[26] Tak B R, Garg M, Kumar A, Gupta V, Singh R 2019 ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 8 Q3149Google Scholar
[27] Razeghi M, Rogalski A 1996 J. Appl. Phys. 79 7433Google Scholar
[28] Fang Y, Armin A, Meredith P, Huang J S 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 1Google Scholar
[29] Kaur D, Kumar M 2021 Adv. Opti. Mater. 9 2002160Google Scholar
[30] Liu Z, Zhi Y, Li S, Liu Y, Tang X, Yan Z, Li P, Li X, Guo D, Wu Z, Tang W 2020 J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys. 53 085105Google Scholar
[31] Liu Z, Li S, Yan Z, Liu Y, Zhi Y, Wang X, Wu Z, Li P, Tang W 2020 J. Mater. Chem. C 8 5071Google Scholar
[32] Zhi Y S, Jiang W Y, Liu Z, Liu Y Y, Chu X L, Liu J H, Li S, Yan Z Y, Wang Y H, Li P G, Wu Z P, Tang W H 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 057301Google Scholar
[33] Wang J, Ye L J, Wang X, Zhang H, Li L, Kong C, Li W J 2019 J. Alloys Compd. 803 9Google Scholar
[34] Zhang D, Zheng W, Lin R C, Li T T, Zhang Z J, Huang F 2018 J. Alloys Compd. 735 150Google Scholar
[35] Tak B R, Garg M, Dewan S, Torres-Castanedo C G, Li K H, Gupta V, Li X H, Singh R 2019 J. Appl. Phys. 125 144501Google Scholar
[36] Qian L X, Wu Z H, Zhang Y Y, Lai P T, Liu X Z, Li Y R 2017 ACS Photonics 4 2203Google Scholar
[37] Yu M, Lv C D, Yu J G, Shen Y M, Yuan L, Hu J C, Zhang S G, Cheng H J, Zhang Y M, Jia R X 2020 Mater. Today Commun. 25 101532Google Scholar
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