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The China Spallation Neutron Source Phase-II Project (CSNS-II) includes the construction of a muon source, namely “Muon station for sciEnce technoLOgy and inDustrY” (MELODY). A muon target station and a surface muon beam line will be completed as scheduled in 2029, making MELODY the first Chinese muon facility. This beam line mainly focuses on the application of muon spin relaxation/rotation/resonance (μSR) spectroscopy. The MELODY also reserves the tunnels for building a negative muon beam line and a decay muon beam line in the future, thereby further expanding the research field to muon-induced X-ray emission (MIXE) elemental analysis and μSR measurements in thick cells, respectively. The two types of material characterization technologies keep their uniqueness in multi-disciplinary researches, and also provide complementary insights for other techniques, such as neutron scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray fluorescence analysis. The μSR spectroscopy is a mature technology for injecting highly spin polarized muon beams into various types of materials. The subsequent precession and relaxation of muon spin in its surrounding atomic environment reflect the static and dynamical properties of the material of interest, which are then measured by detecting the asymmetric emission of positrons from the decay of those muons, with an average lifetime of approximately 2.2 μs. This enables μSR to develop into a powerful quantum magnetic probe for investigating materials related to magnetism, superconductivity, and molecular dynamics. The combination of a positive muon and an electron is known as muonium, which is a unique and sensitive probe in studying semiconductors, new energy materials, free radical chemistry, etc. As the production of muon beams strongly relies on proton accelerator, only five muon facilities in the world are available for μSR experiments. This limits the large-scale application of muon related sciences. Especially, Chinese researchers face fierce competition and can only apply for precious and limited muon beam time from international muon sources to characterize the key properties of their materials. The construction of the MELODY muon facility at CSNS-II aims to provide intense and pulsed muon beams for Chinese and international users to conduct their μSR measurements with high quality data in a low repetition rate operation mode. To achieve this goal, as shown in Fig. 1 , the μSR spectrometer is designed with 1) over 3000 detector units to obtain a sufficient counting rate of 80 Million/h to significantly suppress statistical fluctuations in a short measuring time, 2) a high asymmetry of 0.3 to greatly amplify μSR signals so as to further reduce statistical fluctuations, and 3) extendable low temperature devices to cover most μSR applications and also fulfill experiments with extreme condition requirements.The MIXE elemental analysis is a type of particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technology. Due to the heavier mass of negative muon, the energy of muonic X-ray is around 207 higher than that of X-ray or electron induced fluorescence X-ray. Thus, the MIXE technology is more sensitive to materials with low atomic numbers, and thick samples can be effectively studied without scratching their surfaces. Due to these advantages, the MIXE has been successfully applied to the elemental analysis of cultural heritages, meteorites, Li-ion batteries, etc. MELODY reserves tunnels for negative muon extractions and transport to a MIXE terminal. The MELODY research team is developing a new detection technology with high energy resolution and high counting capability to shorten the measuring time to an acceptable amount based on the 1-Hz repetition rate of muon pulses. The μSR spectroscopy and MIXE are the two most important application fields of accelerator muon beams. The MELODY muon facility aims to develop and promote these technologies in China by constructing dedicated muon beam lines in CSNS-II and in the future. In this overview, we introduce the principles and advantages of the μSR and MIXE technologies, as well as the physical design and application prospects of the μSR and MIXE spectrometers based on the CSNS-II muon source. Finally, discussions and expectations are made regarding the future upgrade of the CSNS-II muon source’s muon beamline and its broader applications. 
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Keywords:
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) /
- muon experimental terminal /
- muon spin relaxation/rotation/resonance spectroscopy /
- muon-induced X-ray emission
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图 1 CSNS-II科学装置总体概览
Figure 1. General overview of the CSNS-II scientific facility.
图 2 CSNS-II缪子实验终端的束线布局
Figure 2. Layout diagram of the beam lines of the CSNS-II muon experiment terminal.
图 4 (a) 正电子计数随$ {{\text{μ}}}^{+} $衰变时间变化的原始谱; (b)消除指数衰减项并归一化到$ A $的极化函数谱[53]
Figure 4. (a) Original spectrum of positron counts measured by the detector as a function of $ {{\text{μ}}}^{+} $ decay time; (b) the polarization function removed the exponential decay term and normalized to asymmetry $ A $[53].
图 5 (a) 缪子自旋极化方向平行于反铁磁样品Li2CuO2测得的μSR谱; (b) 对μSR谱快速傅里叶变换, 3个振荡频率清晰可见[54]
Figure 5. (a) μSR signal (here called “Asymmetry”) measured in the antiferromagnetic state of Li2CuO2 with the initial muon polarization is along the a-axis; (b) in the fast Fourier transform of the μSR signal, three spontaneous frequencies are seen[54].
图 7 顺磁态磁场分布服从(a)高斯“Kubo-Toyabe”公式和(b)洛伦兹“Kubo-Toyabe”公式的缪子去极化函数[53]
Figure 7. Time evolution of the muon polarization $ P\left(t\right) $ in a system where the magnetic moments are randomly oriented. The field distribution produces the so-called (a) Gaussian and (b) Lorentzian “Kubo-Toyabe” function[53].
图 8 (a) ZF-μSR揭示了巨磁阻La0.67Ca0.33MnO3中缪子自旋涨落存在快慢两个成分, 即存在两个空间分离区域具有非常不同的Mn离子自旋动力学; (b) μSR实验观察到超导体UCoGe (TSC = 0.8 K) 在T = 3 K以下出现长程磁有序, 与超导电性共存[56]; (c) 非中心对称金属间超导体LaNiC的μSR实验发现了超导性与自发磁性出现的温度一致, 意味着超导状态下时间反演对称性被打破[57]
Figure 8. (a) Two components of fast and slow muon spin fluctuation in La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 were revealed by ZF-μSR, i.e., there are two separated regions with very different Mn spin kinetics; (b) in μSR experiments, it was observed that the superconductor UCoGe (TSC = 0.8 K) exhibited a long-range magnetic order below T = 3 K, which coexisted with superconductivity; (c) the μSR experiments of the non-centrally symmetric intermetallic superconductor LaNiC found that the occurrence of superconductivity coincided well with the appearance of spontaneous magnetism, which means that the time reversal symmetry was broken in its superconducting state[57].
图 9 不同实验技术可测量的磁性涨落频率范围, $ {\tau }_{{\mathrm{c}}}= $$ 1/{\nu }_{{\mathrm{c}}} $是与磁涨落频率相关的特征涨落时间
Figure 9. Dynamical ranges accessible to different techniques, the $ {\tau }_{{\mathrm{c}}}=1/{\nu }_{{\mathrm{c}}} $ is the characteristic fluctuation time associated with the magnetic fluctuations.
图 11 元素周期表中各元素μ-X射线的Kα射线能量
Figure 11. Kα energies of the μ-X-rays for each element in the periodic table.
图 13 (a) MIXE和XRF技术研究文物药瓶元素成分优势互补, MIXE谱清晰检测到了汞和氯成分的存在, 而XRF谱检测到了铅、硅成分[65]; (b) J-PARC利用MIXE技术测量锂金属在锂离子电池阳极沉积的实验示意图, 他们调节缪子能量对样品进行深度分析, 观察到了锂金属层的存在[31]
Figure 13. (a) MIXE and XRF techniques were used to study the elemental composition of an antiquities vial, and the presence of Hg and Cl elements was detected by the MIXE, while Pb and Si elements were detected by the XRF[65]; (b) J-PARC measured the deposition of Li metal at the anode of Li-ion batteries using the MIXE technique, and they adjusted the muon energy to perform a depth analysis of the sample and observed the presence of a Li metal layer[31].
表 1 经人工智能优化算法模拟得到的不同束斑下SMT1和SMT2实验终端的缪子束流强度
Table 1. Muon beam intensity of SMT1 and SMT2 under different beam spots simulated by using artificial intelligence optimization algorithm.
束斑尺寸/mm 10 20 30 50 100 SMT1终端流强/(μ·s–1) 1.1×105 7.3×105 2×106 8.2×106 1.6×107 SMT2终端流强/(μ·s–1) 5.9×104 1.7×105 8.4×105 6.5×106 1.8×107 
DownLoad: CSV
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