全喷墨打印的大面积柔性CH3NH3PbI3钙钛矿太阳能电池

高博文; 孟婧

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20210788

摘要

目前基于喷墨打印制备大面积CH₃NH₃PbI₃钙钛矿型太阳能电池的报道较多, 主要集中在钙钛矿活性层薄膜的喷墨打印和电极打印两个方面, 电池结构中空穴传输层和电子传输层以及其他修饰层仍采用旋涂或涂布等工艺完成. 我们成功实现了基于全喷墨打印的大面积CH₃NH₃PbI₃钙钛矿太阳能电池, 包括喷墨打印PEN/Ag NWs底电极, Ag NWs顶电极, PEDOT:PSS 空穴传输层等. 研究发现全喷墨打印可以极大地节约材料成本和简化生产工艺流程, 并且可以获得密度高、均匀性好的PC₆₁BM层、PEDOT:PSS层、PEI层和CH₃NH₃PbI₃钙钛矿薄膜, 在此基础上制备了面积分别为60, 80和100 cm²的CH₃NH₃PbI₃钙钛矿型太阳电池. 结果表明, 当钙钛矿油墨浓度为1 mol/L时, 打印速度设置为30 mm/s, 衬底温度为50 ℃时, 打印生成的钙钛矿薄膜表面光滑, 晶粒均匀生长有序, 晶粒尺寸接近500—600 nm. 晶粒具有规则的扁平形状, 薄膜的表面粗糙度仅为10 nm, 可以获得高质量的钙钛矿薄膜. 采用绿色反溶剂萃取和热退火处理的有效面积为60 cm²的钙钛矿型太阳能电池的功率转换效率高达14.25% (V_oc = 1.03 V, J_sc = 19.21 mA/cm², FF = 72%), 这是迄今为止报道的用全喷墨打印法制备钙钛矿型太阳能电池的最高效率之一. 此外, 当器件在不封装时放置空气中12个月, 光电转换效率降低到初始值的80%. 然而采用含氟热塑性聚氨酯FTPU封装, 光电转换效率仅降低5%, 表现出良好的器件稳定性.

关键词:

Abstract

At present, there are many reports on the preparation of large area CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite solar cells based on ink-jet printing. These researches focus mainly on the ink-jet printing and electrode printing of perovskite active layer films. The hole transport layer, electron transport layer and other modified layers in the cell structure are still completed by spin coating or coating. In this work, we successfully realize large area CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite solar cells based on full ink-jet printing, including pen/Ag NWs bottom electrode, agnws top electrode, PEDOT: PSS hole transport layer, etc. It is found that the full inkjet printing can greatly reduce the material cost and simplify the production process, and obtain PC₆₁BM layer, PEDOT: PSS layer, PEI layer and CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite thin film with high density and good uniformity. On this basis, we prepare the CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite solar cells with areas of 60, 80 and 100 cm², respectively. The results show that when the concentration of perovskite ink is 1 mol/L, the printing speed is 30 mm/s and the substrate temperature is 50 ℃, the surface of perovskite film is smooth and the grain size is in a range of 500–600 nm. The surface roughness of the film is only 10 nm, so high-quality perovskite film can be obtained. The power conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell with an effective area of 60 cm² is as high as 14.25% (V_OC = 1.03 V, J_SC = 19.21 mA/cm², FF = 72%), which is the highest efficiency of perovskite solar cell prepared by full ink-jet printing method reported so far. In addition, when the device is placed in the air for 12 months without packaging, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is reduced to 80% of the initial value. However, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of FTPU package is reduced only by 5%, demonstrating good device stability.

Keywords:

all ink jet printing /
silver nanowire electrode /
green anti-solvent extraction and thermal annealing /
large area preparation /
flexible perovskite solar cell

作者及机构信息

高博文^1,2,
孟婧²

1.
泰山学院机械与建筑工程学院, 泰安　271021

2.
泰山学院光伏材料与建筑一体化研究所, 泰安　271021

通信作者: 高博文, gbwhappy@163.com ; 孟婧, mmmjjjcg@163.com

基金项目: 山东省自然科学基金重点项目(批准号: ZR2020KF001)、山东省重点研发计划(批准号: 2019GGX103005)和泰山学院教育教学研究专项重点课题(批准号: JY-01-202101)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

Gao Bo-Wen^1,2,
Meng Jing²

1.
School of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Taishan University, Tai’an 271021, China

2.
Institute of Building Integrated Photovoltaic, Taishan University, Tai’an 271021, China

Corresponding author: Gao Bo-Wen, gbwhappy@163.com ; Meng Jing, mmmjjjcg@163.com

Funds: Project supported by the Key Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. ZR2020KF001), the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. 2019GGX103005), and the Special Key Project of Education and Teaching Research of Taishan University, China (Grant No. JY-01-202101)

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Liang C, Li P, Gu H, Zhang Y, Li F, Song Y, Shao G, Mathews N, Xing G 2018 Solar RRL 2 1700217 Google Scholar
[2]	Li P, Liang C, Bao B, Li Y, Hu X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li F, Shao G, Song Y 2018 Nano Energy 46 203 Google Scholar
[3]	Mathies F, Eggers H, Richards B S, Hernandez-Sosa G, Lemmer U, Paetzold U W 2018 ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1 1834 Google Scholar
[4]	Schlisske S, Mathies F, Busko D, Strobel N, Lemmer U, Paetzold U W, Hernandez-Sosa G, Klampaftis E 2019 ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2 764 Google Scholar
[5]	Abzieher T, Moghadamzadeh S, Schackmar F, Eggers H, Sutterlüti F, Farooq A, Kojda D, Paetzold U W 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1802995 Google Scholar
[6]	Sahli F, Werner J, Kamino B A, et al. 2018 Nat. Mater. 17 820 Google Scholar
[7]	Chen B, Yu Z J, Manzoor S, Wang S, Weigand W, Yu Z H, Yang G, Ni Z Y, Dai X Z, Holman Z C, Huang J S 2020 Joule 4 850 Google Scholar
[8]	Mazzarella L, Lin Y H, Kirner S, Morales-Vilches A B, Korte L, Albrecht S, Crossland E, Stannowski B, Case C, Snaith H J, Schlatmann R 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1803241 Google Scholar
[9]	Bush K A, Manzoor S, Frohna K, Yu Z J, Raiford J A, Palmstrom A F, Wang H P, Prasanna R, Bent S F, Holman Z C, McGehee M D 2018 ACS Energy Lett. 3 2173 Google Scholar
[10]	Stolterfoht M, Caprioglio P, Wolff C M, et al. 2019 Energy Environ. Sci. 12 2778 Google Scholar
[11]	Correa-Baena J B, Luo Y Q, Huang L B, Buonassisi T, Fenning D P 2019 Science 363 627 Google Scholar
[12]	Beal R E, Hagström N Z, Barrier J, McGehee M D, Toney M F, Nogueira A F 2020 Matter 2 207 Google Scholar
[13]	Mehrabian M, Dalir S, Mahmoudi G, Safin D A 2019 Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2019 3699
[14]	Gao B W, Meng J 2020 Solar Energy 211 1223 Google Scholar
[15]	Gao B W, Meng J 2020 ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3 8249 Google Scholar
[16]	Gao B W, Meng J 2020 Appl. Surf.Sci. 530 147240 Google Scholar
[17]	Hashmi S G, Tiihonen, Martineau D, Zakeeruddin S M, Grätzel M 2017 J. Mater. Chem. A 5 4797 Google Scholar
[18]	Huckaba A J, Lee Y, Xia R, Paek S, Dyson P J, Girault H 2019 Energy Technol. 7 317 Google Scholar
[19]	Ye T, Han G F, Surendran A, Li J 2019 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 201 110113 Google Scholar
[20]	Liang C, Zhao D, Li Y, Xing G 2018 Energy Environ. Mater. 1 221 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 在PEN/AgNWs/PEDOT:PSS上以及30 mm/s和50 ℃条件下不同浓度的钙钛矿薄膜AFM形貌　(a) 0.5 mol/L; (b) 1.0 mol/L; (c) 1.5 mol/L

Fig. 1. AFM morphologies of perovskite films with different concentrations on PEN/AgNWs/PEDOT:PSS, 30 mm/s and 50 ℃: (a) 0.5 mol/L; (b) 1.0 mol/L; (c) 1.5 mol/L

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 在PEN/AgNWs/PEDOT:PSS上以及30 mm/s和50 ℃条件下不同浓度的钙钛矿薄膜SEM表面形貌图和器件部分截面图　(a), (d) 0.5 mol/L; (b), (e) 1.0 mol/L; (c), (f) 1.5 mol/L

Fig. 2. SEM surface morphologies of perovskite thin films with different concentrations on PEN/AgNWs/PEDOT: PSS at 30 mm/s and 50 ℃: (a), (d) 0.5 mol/L; (b), (e) 1.0 mol/L; (c), (f) 1.5 mol/L.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 在不同衬底温度下制备的钙钛矿电池参数　(a) 钙钛矿薄膜的XRD数据; (b)器件结构示意图; (c) 电池能级图; (d) 电池实物图

Fig. 3. Parameters of perovskite solar cells prepared at different substrate temperatures: (a) XRD data of perovskite thin films; (b) device structure diagram; (c) energy level diagram and (d) physical diagram of PeSCs.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 不同有效面积的钙钛矿电池光伏性能和稳定性　(a) J-V曲线; (b) EQE曲线; (c) 器件稳定性测试

Fig. 4. Photovoltaic performance and stability of perovskite solar cells with different effective areas: (a) J-V curve; (b) EQE curve; (c) device stability test.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 不同直径和长度的Ag NWs透明电极的方阻和透射率

Table 1. Square resistance and transmittance of Ag NWS transparent electrodes with different diameters and lengths.

印刷速度/
(mm·s^–1) 直径/nm 长度/μm 透射率/% 方阻/
(Ω·sq^–1)

10 80 40 90 80
15 60 50 92 60
20 50 60 95 30
30 30 80 90 40

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 不同有效面积的钙钛矿电池光伏特性和器件参数

Table 2. Photovoltaic characteristics and device parameters of perovskite cells with different effective areas.

电池有效
面积/cm² 串联电阻
/(Ω·cm²) 并联电阻
/(Ω·cm²) V_oc/V J_sc/(mA·cm^–2) FF/% PCE/%

60 80 1600 1.03 19.21 72 14.25
80 100 1000 1.02 16.95 68 11.82
100 120 800 1.01 13.90 66 9.26

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	Liang C, Li P, Gu H, Zhang Y, Li F, Song Y, Shao G, Mathews N, Xing G 2018 Solar RRL 2 1700217 Google Scholar
[2]	Li P, Liang C, Bao B, Li Y, Hu X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li F, Shao G, Song Y 2018 Nano Energy 46 203 Google Scholar
[3]	Mathies F, Eggers H, Richards B S, Hernandez-Sosa G, Lemmer U, Paetzold U W 2018 ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1 1834 Google Scholar
[4]	Schlisske S, Mathies F, Busko D, Strobel N, Lemmer U, Paetzold U W, Hernandez-Sosa G, Klampaftis E 2019 ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2 764 Google Scholar
[5]	Abzieher T, Moghadamzadeh S, Schackmar F, Eggers H, Sutterlüti F, Farooq A, Kojda D, Paetzold U W 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1802995 Google Scholar
[6]	Sahli F, Werner J, Kamino B A, et al. 2018 Nat. Mater. 17 820 Google Scholar
[7]	Chen B, Yu Z J, Manzoor S, Wang S, Weigand W, Yu Z H, Yang G, Ni Z Y, Dai X Z, Holman Z C, Huang J S 2020 Joule 4 850 Google Scholar
[8]	Mazzarella L, Lin Y H, Kirner S, Morales-Vilches A B, Korte L, Albrecht S, Crossland E, Stannowski B, Case C, Snaith H J, Schlatmann R 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1803241 Google Scholar
[9]	Bush K A, Manzoor S, Frohna K, Yu Z J, Raiford J A, Palmstrom A F, Wang H P, Prasanna R, Bent S F, Holman Z C, McGehee M D 2018 ACS Energy Lett. 3 2173 Google Scholar
[10]	Stolterfoht M, Caprioglio P, Wolff C M, et al. 2019 Energy Environ. Sci. 12 2778 Google Scholar
[11]	Correa-Baena J B, Luo Y Q, Huang L B, Buonassisi T, Fenning D P 2019 Science 363 627 Google Scholar
[12]	Beal R E, Hagström N Z, Barrier J, McGehee M D, Toney M F, Nogueira A F 2020 Matter 2 207 Google Scholar
[13]	Mehrabian M, Dalir S, Mahmoudi G, Safin D A 2019 Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2019 3699
[14]	Gao B W, Meng J 2020 Solar Energy 211 1223 Google Scholar
[15]	Gao B W, Meng J 2020 ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3 8249 Google Scholar
[16]	Gao B W, Meng J 2020 Appl. Surf.Sci. 530 147240 Google Scholar
[17]	Hashmi S G, Tiihonen, Martineau D, Zakeeruddin S M, Grätzel M 2017 J. Mater. Chem. A 5 4797 Google Scholar
[18]	Huckaba A J, Lee Y, Xia R, Paek S, Dyson P J, Girault H 2019 Energy Technol. 7 317 Google Scholar
[19]	Ye T, Han G F, Surendran A, Li J 2019 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 201 110113 Google Scholar
[20]	Liang C, Zhao D, Li Y, Xing G 2018 Energy Environ. Mater. 1 221 Google Scholar

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全喷墨打印的大面积柔性CH₃NH₃PbI₃钙钛矿太阳能电池