强相互作用自旋-轨道耦合与夸克-胶子等离子体整体极化

高建华; 黄旭光; 梁作堂; 王群; 王新年

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230102

摘要

在非对心相对论重离子碰撞中, 参与反应的原子核物质系统具有巨大的初始轨道角动量, 经过强相互作用的自旋-轨道耦合, 这一巨大的轨道角动量可以转化为产生的夸克-胶子等离子体的整体极化. 整体极化效应在理论上提出后, 首先被美国布鲁克海文国家实验室的相对论重离子对撞机上的STAR实验所证实, 激发了人们对相关问题的研究, 成为重离子碰撞物理研究的一个新方向—重离子碰撞自旋物理. 本文简单回顾了整体极化原始基本思想、理论计算体系与主要结果以及近几年的理论进展.

关键词:

Abstract

In non-central relativistic heavy ion collisions, the colliding nuclear system possesses a huge global orbital angular momentum in the direction opposite to the normal of the reaction plane. Due to the spin-orbit coupling in strong interaction, such a huge orbital angular momentum leads to a global spin polarization of the quark matter system produced in the collision process. The global polarization effect in high energy heavy ion collisions was first predicted theoretically and confirmed by STAR experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider in Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discovery has attracted much attention to the study of spin effects in heavy ion collision and leads to a new direction in high energy heavy ion physics—Spin Physics in Heavy Ion Collisions. In this paper, we briefly review the original ideas, the calculation methods, the main results and recent theoretical developments in last years. First, we present a short discussion of the spin-orbit coupling which is an intrinsic property for a relativistic fermionic quantum system. Then we review how the global orbital angular momentum can be generated in non-central heavy ion collisions and how the global orbital angular momentum can be transferred to the local orbital angular momentum distribution in two limit model---Landan fireball model and Bjorken scaling model. After that, we review how we can describe the scattering process with initial local orbital angular momentum in the formalism of scattering cross section in impact parameter space and how we calculate the polarization of the quarks and antiquarks in quark gluon plasma produced in non-central heavy ion collisions after single or multiple scattering. We also give a brief review on how the global polarization can be predicted from the formalism of relativistic hydrodynamics with the generalized Cooper-Frye formula with spin. Finally, we discuss how the quark's polarization can be transferred to the final hadron's polarization. We focus on the hyperon's polarization and vector meson's spin alignment produced in heavy-ion collisions.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
山东大学空间科学与物理学院, 山东省光学天文与日地空间环境重点实验室, 威海　264209

2.
复旦大学物理学系, 粒子物理与场论中心, 核物理与离子束应用教育部重点实验室, 理论核物理中心, 上海　200433

3.
山东大学前沿交叉科学青岛研究院, 粒子物理与粒子辐照教育部重点实验室, 青岛　266237

4.
中国科学技术大学近代物理系, 合肥　230026

5.
Nuclear Science Division, MS 70 R0319, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, USA

通信作者: 高建华, gaojh@sdu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11890710, 11890713, 11890714, 12175123, 12225502, 12075061, 12147101, 12135011)、国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2022YFA1604900)、上海市自然科学基金(批准号: 20ZR1404100)和U.S. DOE (批准号: DE-AC02-05CH11231)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

1.
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China

2.
Shanghai Research Center for Theoretical Nuclear Physics, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application, Ministry of Education, Center for Field Theory and Particle Physics, Physics Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China

3.
Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation, Ministry of Education, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China

4.
Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

5.
Nuclear Science Division, MS 70 R0319, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, USA

Corresponding author: Gao Jian-Hua, gaojh@sdu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11890710, 11890713, 11890714, 12175123, 12225502, 12075061, 12147101, 12135011), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFA1604900), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai, China (Grant No. 20ZR1404100), and the U.S. DOE (Grant No. DE-AC02-05CH11231)

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Adamczyk L, et al. [STAR Collaboration] 2017 Nature 548 62
[2]	Liang Z T, Wang X N 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 102301 [Erratum: 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 039901]
[3]	Abdallah M, et al. [STAR Collaboration] 2023 Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05557-5, [arXiv: 2204.02302[hep-ph]]
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[12]	盛欣力, 梁作堂, 王群 2023 物理学报 72 072502 Sheng X L, Liang Z T, Wang Q 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 072502 (in Chinese)
[13]	Gao J H, Chen S W, Deng W T, Liang Z T, Wang Q, Wang X N 2008 Phys. Rev. C 77 044902 Google Scholar
[14]	Gao J H 2007 HEPNP 31 1181
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[17]	Zhang J J, Fang R H, Wang Q, Wang X N 2019 Phys. Rev. C 100 064904 Google Scholar
[18]	Betz B, Gyulassy M, Torrieri G 2007 Phys. Rev. C 76 044901
[19]	Becattini F, Chandra V, Del Zanna L, Grossi E 2013 Annals Phys. 338 32 Google Scholar
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[21]	赵新丽, 马国亮, 马余刚 2023 物理学报 Accepted Zhao X L, Ma G L, Ma Y G 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. Accepted (in Chinese)
[22]	Baum G, et al. [SLAC E80] 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 2000
[23]	Baum G, et al. [SLAC E130] 1983 Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 1135
[24]	Ashman J, et al. [European Muon Collaboration] 1988 Phys. Lett. B 206 364
[25]	Ashman J, et al. [European Muon Collaboration] 1989 Nucl. Phys. B 328 1
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[27]	Bjorken J D 1983 Phys. Rev. D 27 140
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[29]	Wang X N, Gyulassy M 1991 Phys. Rev. D 44 3501 Google Scholar
[30]	Wang X N 1997 Phys. Rep. 280 287 Google Scholar
[31]	Brodsky S J, Gunion J F, Kuhn J H 1977 Phys. Rev. Lett. 39 1120 Google Scholar
[32]	Liang Z T, Song J, Upsal I, Wang Q, Xu Z B 2021 Chin. Phys. C 45 014102 Google Scholar
[33]	Gyulassy M, Wang X N 1994 Nucl. Phys. B 420 583 Google Scholar
[34]	Weldon H A 1982 Phys. Rev. D26 1394
[35]	Heiselberg H, Wang X N 1996 Nucl Phys. B462 389
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[54]	Sheng X L, Oliva L, Liang Z T, Wang Q, Wang X N 2022 arXiv: 2206.05868[hep-ph]
[55]	Sheng X L, Oliva L, Wang Q 2020 Phys. Rev. D 101 096005 [Erratum: 2022 Phys. Rev. D 105 099903]
[56]	Abelev B I, et al. [STAR] 2007 Phys. Rev. C 76, 024915 [Erratum: 2017 Phys. Rev. C 95, 039906]
[57]	Adam J, et al. [STAR] 2018 Phys. Rev. C 98 014910
[58]	Adam J, et al. [STAR] 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 no.13, 132301
[59]	Acharya S, et al. [ALICE] 2020 Phys. Rev. C 101 044611 [erratum: 2022 Phys. Rev. C 105, 029902]
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施引文献

图 1 非对心碰撞示意图 ^[2]

Fig. 1. Illustration of non-central heavy-ion collisions^[2]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 整体轨道角动量与碰撞参数的关系 ^[13]

Fig. 2. Global orbital angular momentum as a function of the impact parameter ^[13]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 归一化后的平均部分子纵向动量分布 ^[13]

Fig. 3. The average longitudinal momentum distribution^[13]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 归一化后的快度分布函数 $f_{\rm{p}}(Y, x, b, \sqrt{s})$ ^[13]

Fig. 4. Normalized rapidity distribution $f_{\rm{p}}(Y, x, b, $$ \sqrt{s})$ ^[13]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 平均快度沿横向方向的分布$ \langle Y\rangle $ ^[13]

Fig. 5. Average rapidity distribution $ \langle Y\rangle $ as a function of the transverse coordinate ^[13]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 夸克极化度$ –P_q $与$ \alpha_s $和$ \sqrt{\hat{s}}/T $的依赖关系 ^[13]

Fig. 6. Quark polarization $ –P_q $ as a function of $ \sqrt{\hat{s}}/T $ for different $ \alpha_s $’s^[13]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 非对心重离子碰撞中夸克整体极化示意图^[9]

Fig. 7. Illustration of the global quark polarization in non-central heavy-ion collisions ^[9]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 夸克极化度 $ P=\Delta\sigma/\sigma $随时间的演化^[16]

Fig. 8. Quark polarization $ P=\Delta\sigma/\sigma $ as a function of time^[16]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 $ \Lambda $超子整体自旋极化的能量依赖^[39]

Fig. 9. $ \Lambda $ global polarization as a function of collision energy^[39]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 超子$\Lambda,\; \Xi^-$和$ \Omega^- $的整体极化的理论计算结果与实验结果的比较. 左图未考虑强子衰变效应的贡献, 右图考虑了衰变效应的贡献^[43]

Fig. 10. Theoretical calculation and comparison with experimental result for $ \Lambda, \;\Xi^- $ and $ \Omega^- $. The feed-down effect is taken into account in the left panel while not in the right panel^[43]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 中心碰撞中矢量介子自旋排列随着方位角的变化^[52]

Fig. 11. $ \rho_{00} $ as a function of $ \Delta \psi $ in central collisions^[52]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 超子极化在夸克组合模型和碎裂模型的结果比较。在碎裂模型计算中参数$ n_s $和$ f_s $分别表示夸克-胶子等离子体中和夸克碎裂过程产生的奇异夸克相对于上下夸克的丰度^[2]

Table 1. Hyperon’s polarizaiton from quark combination or fragmentation mechanism. In the fragmentation calculation, $ n_s $ and $ f_s $ denote the strange quark abundances relative to up or down quarks in QGP and quark fragmentation, respectively^[2]

超子	$ \Lambda $	$ \Sigma^+ $	$ \Sigma^0 $	$ \Sigma^- $	$ \Xi^0 $	$ \Xi^- $
组合	$ P_s $	$ \dfrac{4 P_u-P_s}{3} $	$ \dfrac{2(P_u+P_d)-P_s}{3} $	$ \dfrac{4 P_d-P_s}{3} $	$ \dfrac{4 P_s-P_u}{3} $	$ \dfrac{4 P_s-P_d}{3} $
碎裂	$ \dfrac{n_sP_s}{n_s+2 f_s} $	$ \dfrac{4 f_sP_u-n_sP_s}{3(2 f_s+n_s)} $	$ \dfrac{2 f_s(P_u+P_d)-n_sP_s}{3(2 f_s+n_s)} $	$ \dfrac{4 f_sP_d-n_sP_s}{3(2 f_s+n_s)} $	$ \dfrac{4 n_sP_s-f_sP_u}{3(2 n_s+f_s)} $	$ \dfrac{4 n_sP_s-f_sP_d}{3(2 n_s+f_s)} $

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	Adamczyk L, et al. [STAR Collaboration] 2017 Nature 548 62
[2]	Liang Z T, Wang X N 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 102301 [Erratum: 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 039901]
[3]	Abdallah M, et al. [STAR Collaboration] 2023 Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05557-5, [arXiv: 2204.02302[hep-ph]]
[4]	Liang Z T 2007 J. Phys. G 34 S 323
[5]	Wang Q 2017 Nucl. Phys. A 967 225 Google Scholar
[6]	Liang Z T, Lisa M A, Wang X N 2020 Nucl. Phys. News 30 10 Google Scholar
[7]	Liu Y C, Huang X G 2020 Nucl. Sci. Technol. 31 56 Google Scholar
[8]	Gao J H, Ma G L, Pu S, Wang Q 2020 Nucl. Sci. Technol. 31 90 Google Scholar
[9]	Becattini F, Liao J, Lisa M 2021 Lect. Notes Phys. 987
[10]	Gao J H, Liang Z T, Wang Q, Wang X N 2021 Lect. Notes Phys. 987 195
[11]	孙旭, 周晨升, 陈金辉, 陈震宇, 马余刚, 唐爱洪, 徐庆华 2023 物理学报 72 072401 Sun X, Zhou C S, Chen J H, Chen Z Y, Ma Y G, Tang A H, Xu Q H 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 072401 (in Chinese)
[12]	盛欣力, 梁作堂, 王群 2023 物理学报 72 072502 Sheng X L, Liang Z T, Wang Q 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 072502 (in Chinese)
[13]	Gao J H, Chen S W, Deng W T, Liang Z T, Wang Q, Wang X N 2008 Phys. Rev. C 77 044902 Google Scholar
[14]	Gao J H 2007 HEPNP 31 1181
[15]	Chen S W, Deng J, Gao J H, Wang Q 2009 Front. Phys. China 4 509 Google Scholar
[16]	Huang X G, Huovinen P, Wang X N 2011 Phys. Rev. C 84 054910 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhang J J, Fang R H, Wang Q, Wang X N 2019 Phys. Rev. C 100 064904 Google Scholar
[18]	Betz B, Gyulassy M, Torrieri G 2007 Phys. Rev. C 76 044901
[19]	Becattini F, Chandra V, Del Zanna L, Grossi E 2013 Annals Phys. 338 32 Google Scholar
[20]	寿齐烨, 赵杰, 徐浩洁, 李威, 王钢, 唐爱洪, 王福强 2023 物理学报 Accepted Shoy Q Y, Zhao J, Xu H J, Li W, Wang G, Tang A H, Wang F Q 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. Accepted (in Chinese)
[21]	赵新丽, 马国亮, 马余刚 2023 物理学报 Accepted Zhao X L, Ma G L, Ma Y G 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. Accepted (in Chinese)
[22]	Baum G, et al. [SLAC E80] 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 2000
[23]	Baum G, et al. [SLAC E130] 1983 Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 1135
[24]	Ashman J, et al. [European Muon Collaboration] 1988 Phys. Lett. B 206 364
[25]	Ashman J, et al. [European Muon Collaboration] 1989 Nucl. Phys. B 328 1
[26]	Aidala C A, Bass S D, Hasch D, Mallot G K 2013 Rev. Mod. Phys. 85 655 Google Scholar
[27]	Bjorken J D 1983 Phys. Rev. D 27 140
[28]	Levai P, Muller B, Wang X N 1995 Phys. Rev. C 51 3326 Google Scholar
[29]	Wang X N, Gyulassy M 1991 Phys. Rev. D 44 3501 Google Scholar
[30]	Wang X N 1997 Phys. Rep. 280 287 Google Scholar
[31]	Brodsky S J, Gunion J F, Kuhn J H 1977 Phys. Rev. Lett. 39 1120 Google Scholar
[32]	Liang Z T, Song J, Upsal I, Wang Q, Xu Z B 2021 Chin. Phys. C 45 014102 Google Scholar
[33]	Gyulassy M, Wang X N 1994 Nucl. Phys. B 420 583 Google Scholar
[34]	Weldon H A 1982 Phys. Rev. D26 1394
[35]	Heiselberg H, Wang X N 1996 Nucl Phys. B462 389
[36]	Biro T S, Muller B 1993 Nucl. Phys. A 561 477 Google Scholar
[37]	Deng W T, Huang X G 2016 Phys. Rev. C 93 064907 Google Scholar
[38]	Liu Y C, Huang X G 2022 Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 65 272011 Google Scholar
[39]	Fu B, Xu K, Huang X G, Song H 2021 Phys. Rev. C 103 024903 Google Scholar
[40]	Liang Z T, Wang X N 2005 Phys. Lett. B 629 20 Google Scholar
[41]	Xia X L, Li H, Huang X G, Huang H Z 2019 Phys. Rev. C 100 014913 Google Scholar
[42]	Becattini F, Cao G, Speranza E 2019 Eur. Phys. J. C 79 741 Google Scholar
[43]	Li H, Xia X L, Huang X G, Huang H Z 2022 Phys. Lett. B 827 136971 Google Scholar
[44]	Lee T D, Yang C N 1957 Phys. Rev. 108 1645 Google Scholar
[45]	Gatto R 1958 Phys. Rev. 109 610 Google Scholar
[46]	Ackerstaff K, et al. [OPAL Collaboration] 1997 Phys. Lett. B 412 210
[47]	Abreu P, et al. [DELPHI Collaboration] 1997 Phys. Lett. B 406 271
[48]	Xu Q H, Liu C X, Liang Z T 2001 Phys. Rev. D 63 111301 Google Scholar
[49]	Wei D X, Deng W T, Huang X G 2019 Phys. Rev. C 99 014905 Google Scholar
[50]	Pang L G, Petersen H, Wang Q Wang X N 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 192301 Google Scholar
[51]	Xia X L, Li H, Tang Z B, Wang Q 2018 Phys. Rev. C 98 024905 Google Scholar
[52]	Xia X L, Li H, Huang X G, Huang H Z 2021 Phys. Lett. B 817 136325 Google Scholar
[53]	Sheng X L, Oliva L, Liang Z T, Wang Q, Wang X N 2022 arXiv: 2205.15689[nucl-th]
[54]	Sheng X L, Oliva L, Liang Z T, Wang Q, Wang X N 2022 arXiv: 2206.05868[hep-ph]
[55]	Sheng X L, Oliva L, Wang Q 2020 Phys. Rev. D 101 096005 [Erratum: 2022 Phys. Rev. D 105 099903]
[56]	Abelev B I, et al. [STAR] 2007 Phys. Rev. C 76, 024915 [Erratum: 2017 Phys. Rev. C 95, 039906]
[57]	Adam J, et al. [STAR] 2018 Phys. Rev. C 98 014910
[58]	Adam J, et al. [STAR] 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 no.13, 132301
[59]	Acharya S, et al. [ALICE] 2020 Phys. Rev. C 101 044611 [erratum: 2022 Phys. Rev. C 105, 029902]
[60]	Adam J, et al. [STAR] 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 162301
[61]	Liang Z T 2022 arXiv: 2203.09786
[62]	Jiang Y, Guo X, Zhuang P 2021 Lect. Notes Phys. 987 167
[63]	Gao J H, Liang Z T, Wang Q 2021 Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 36 2130001 Google Scholar
[64]	Hidaka Y, Pu P, Wang Q, Yang D L 2022 Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 127 103989 Google Scholar

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