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Piezoelectrets are a kind of space-charged electret material with a void-structure. The piezoelectric effect in such a material is related with its microstructure and space charge. In this paper the micro-structure of polypropylene (PP) films is first modified by using a pressed gas expansion process to enhance the charging capability of the films, and then a direct contact charging is carried out to polarize the expanded films. The relationship between the applied voltage and the space charge density, and the influence of the applied voltage on the piezoelectric performance of PP films are investigated. Results show that for 100 m thick modified PP films, the critical voltage necessary for the build-up of the macro-dipoles in the inner voids is approximately 2 kV; once the macro-dipoles are built up, the PP films will exhibit piezoelectric effect. With increasing polarization voltage, the space charge density gradually increases, resulting in significant enhancement of piezoelectric effect. For the PP films polarized at a peak voltage of 8 kV, the space charge density, d33 coefficient, and the figure of merit FOMv(d33 g33) are 0.56 mC/m2, 379 pC/N and 8.6 GPa-1, respectively. Since not only the FOMv of the PP films is almost two orders of magnitude larger than that of PVDF, but also the acoustic impedance in such a material is very low (～ 0.025 MRayl), the PP films have an obvious advantage as applied in airborne ultrasonic transmit-receive or pulse-echo systems.
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Keywords:
- polypropylene piezoelectrets /
- direct contact charging /
- piezoelectricity /
- figure of merit
[1] [2] Lekkala J, Poramo R, Nyholm K, Kaikkonen T 1996 Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 34 67
[3] Bauer S, Gerhard-Multhaupt R, Sessler G M 2004 Phys. Today. 57(2) 37
[4] [5] [6] Zhang X, Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 1226
[7] Zhang X W, Zhang X Q 2013 Acta. Phys. Sin. 62 167702 (in Chinese) [张欣梧, 张晓青 2013 物理学报 62 167702]
[8] [9] [10] Anton S R, Farinholt K M 2012 Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems edited by Sodano, Proc. of SPIE 8341 83410G
[11] Zhang X Q, Huang J F, Wang F P, Xia Z F 2008 Acta. Phys. Sin. 57 0904 (in Chinese) [张晓青, 黄金峰, 王飞鹏, 夏钟福 2008 物理学报 57 0904]
[12] [13] Zhang X, Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M, Haberzettl S, Lou K 2012 Appl. Phys. A 107 621
[14] [15] You Q, Lou K, Zhang X, Zhang Y 2011 Proceedings of the 2011 Symposium on Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications (IEEE Operations Center NJ USA) p395
[16] [17] [18] Graz I, Kaltenbrunner M, Keplinger C, Schwödiauer R, Bauer S, Lacour S P, Wagner S 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 073501
[19] [20] Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M 2004 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116 3267
[21] [22] Kressmann R 2004 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 1412
[23] Zhang X, Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M 2004 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37 2146
[24] [25] [26] Fan K, Ming Z, Xu C, Chao F 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 104502
[27] Guo D, Setter N 2013 Macromolecules 46 1883
[28] [29] Mellinger A 2003 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electrl. Insul. 10 842
[30] [31] Sessler G M, Hillenbrand J 1999 Appl Phys. Lett. 75 3405
[32] [33] [34] Paajanen M, Välimäki H, Lekkala J 2000 J. Electrostatics 48 193
[35] Sessler G M, Hillenbrand J 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 122904
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[1] [2] Lekkala J, Poramo R, Nyholm K, Kaikkonen T 1996 Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 34 67
[3] Bauer S, Gerhard-Multhaupt R, Sessler G M 2004 Phys. Today. 57(2) 37
[4] [5] [6] Zhang X, Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 1226
[7] Zhang X W, Zhang X Q 2013 Acta. Phys. Sin. 62 167702 (in Chinese) [张欣梧, 张晓青 2013 物理学报 62 167702]
[8] [9] [10] Anton S R, Farinholt K M 2012 Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems edited by Sodano, Proc. of SPIE 8341 83410G
[11] Zhang X Q, Huang J F, Wang F P, Xia Z F 2008 Acta. Phys. Sin. 57 0904 (in Chinese) [张晓青, 黄金峰, 王飞鹏, 夏钟福 2008 物理学报 57 0904]
[12] [13] Zhang X, Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M, Haberzettl S, Lou K 2012 Appl. Phys. A 107 621
[14] [15] You Q, Lou K, Zhang X, Zhang Y 2011 Proceedings of the 2011 Symposium on Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications (IEEE Operations Center NJ USA) p395
[16] [17] [18] Graz I, Kaltenbrunner M, Keplinger C, Schwödiauer R, Bauer S, Lacour S P, Wagner S 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 073501
[19] [20] Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M 2004 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116 3267
[21] [22] Kressmann R 2004 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 1412
[23] Zhang X, Hillenbrand J, Sessler G M 2004 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37 2146
[24] [25] [26] Fan K, Ming Z, Xu C, Chao F 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 104502
[27] Guo D, Setter N 2013 Macromolecules 46 1883
[28] [29] Mellinger A 2003 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electrl. Insul. 10 842
[30] [31] Sessler G M, Hillenbrand J 1999 Appl Phys. Lett. 75 3405
[32] [33] [34] Paajanen M, Välimäki H, Lekkala J 2000 J. Electrostatics 48 193
[35] Sessler G M, Hillenbrand J 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 122904
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