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Since the discovery of graphene materials, two-dimensional materials have been widely recognized and gradually applied. Two-dimensional transition metal carbides (MXenes) have better mechanical, magnetic and electrical properties than traditional two-dimensional materials. In this work, Ti3C2Tx samples are prepared by etching Ti3AlC2 with different etching agents for the solutions of HF and LiF/HCl. The effects of etching agents on the structure and gas sensing properties of Ti3C2Tx materials are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and gas sensing properties analysis. The material structure analysis shows that both HF and LiF/HCl etching agents have good etching effect on Ti3C2Tx material. The results of gas sensing properties show that the gas sensing properties of Ti3C2Tx prepared by LiF/HCl etching agent is better than by HF etching agent, and the wide range, high sensitivity and high stability of NH3 detection can be achieved at room temperature. The analysis shows that the high sensing performance of Ti3C2Tx prepared by LiF/HCl solution etching is mainly due to the high proportion of —O and —OH functional groups on the surface of Ti3C2Tx. The experimental studies can lay a theoretical foundation for studying the gas sensing and practical application of Ti3C2Tx based sensor.
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Keywords:
- two-dimensional materials /
- MXene /
- Ti3C2Tx /
- gas sensor
[1] Naguib M, Kurtoglu M, Presser V, Lu J, Niu J, Heon M, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum M W 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 4248
Google Scholar
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[5] Shein I R, Ivanovskii A L 2013 Micro Nano Lett. 8 59
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[6] Ding L, Wei Y, Li L, Zhang T, Wang H, Xue J, Ding L X, Wang S, Caro J, Gogotsi Y 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 155
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[7] Anasori B, Lukatskaya M R, Gogotsi Y 2017 Nat. Rev. Mater. 2 16098
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[8] Ding L, Wei Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Caro J, Wang H 2017 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 56 1825
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[9] Khazaei M, Ranjbar A, Ghorbani Asl M, Arai M, Sasaki T, Liang Y, Yunoki S 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 205125
Google Scholar
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[11] Tai H, Duan Z, He Z, Li X, Xu J, Liu B, Jiang Y 2019 Sens. Actuators B Chem. 298 126874
Google Scholar
[12] Wu M, He M, Hu Q, Wu Q, Sun G, Xie L, Zhang Z, Zhu Z, Zhou A 2019 ACS Sens. 4 2763
Google Scholar
[13] Feng A, Yu Y, Wang Y, Jiang F, Yu Y, Mi L, Song L 2017 Mater. Des. 114 161
Google Scholar
[14] Halim J, Lukatskaya M R, Cook K M, Lu J, Smith C R, Naslund L A, May S J, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y, Eklund P, Barsoum M W 2014 Chem. Mater. 26 2374
Google Scholar
[15] Yang S, Zhang P, Wang F, Ricciardulli A G, Lohe M R, Blom P W M, Feng X 2018 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 57 15491
Google Scholar
[16] 黄大朋 2020 博士学位论文 (济南: 山东大学)
Huang D P 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation(Jinan: Shandong University) (in Chinese)
[17] Lee E, VahidMohammadi A, Prorok B C, Yoon Y S, Beidaghi M, Kim D J 2017 ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 9 37184
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[18] Alhabeb M, Maleski K, Anasori B, Lelyukh P, Clark L, Sin S, Gogotsi Y 2017 Chem. Mater. 29 7633
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[19] Cheng Y, Ma Y, Li L, Zhu M, Yue Y, Liu W, Wang L, Jia S, Li C, Qi T, Wang J, Gao Y 2020 ACS Nano 14 2145
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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图 1 MAX相及其对应的MXene结构
Figure 1. MAX phase and its corresponding MXene structure.
图 2 (a)和(b) HF溶液刻蚀制备Ti3C2Tx材料SEM图像; (c)和(d) LiF/HCl溶液刻蚀制备Ti3C2Tx材料SEM图像
Figure 2. (a) and (b) SEM images of Ti3C2Tx prepared by HF solution etching; (c) and (d) SEM image of Ti3C2Tx prepared by LiF/HCl solution etching.
图 3 HF溶液刻蚀制备Ti3C2Tx材料的 (a) XPS光谱图; (b) Ti 2p光谱; (c) C 1s光谱和(d) O 1s光谱; LiF/HCl溶液刻蚀制备Ti3C2Tx材料的(e) XPS光谱图; (f) Ti 2p光谱; (g) C 1s光谱和(h) O 1s光谱
Figure 3. (a) XPS spectra of Ti3C2Tx prepared by HF solution etching; (b) Ti 2p spectrum; (c) C 1s spectrum and (d) O 1s spectrum; (e) XPS spectra of Ti3C2Tx prepared by LiF/HCl solution etching; (f) Ti 2p spectrum; (g) C 1s spectrum; (h) O 1s spectrum.
图 4 室温下, (a) HF溶液, (b) LiF/HCl溶液刻蚀制备Ti3C2Tx基气体传感器对不同浓度NH3的响应度; (c) HF溶液, (d) LiF/HCl溶液刻蚀制备的Ti3C2Tx基气体传感器的响应度随NH3浓度变化的朗缪尔等温线
Figure 4. Response of Ti3C2Tx based gas sensor prepared by etching: (a) HF solution and (b) LiF/HCl solution to NH3 with different concentrations at room temperature; Langmuir isotherm of the responsivity of Ti3C2Tx based gas sensor prepared by the etching of (c) HF solution and (d) LiF/HCl solution.
图 5 室温下, (a) HF溶液刻蚀制备和(b) LiF/HCl溶液刻蚀制备的Ti3C2Tx基气体传感器对10 ppm NH3的重复性; (c)室温下, 两种刻蚀剂刻蚀制备的Ti3C2Tx基气体传感器对10 ppm NH3 的稳定性; (d)室温下, 两种刻蚀剂刻蚀制备的Ti3C2Tx基气体传感器对不同气体的响应度
Figure 5. At room temperature, (a) Ti3C2Tx based gas sensor prepared by etching HF solution and (b) Ti3C2Tx based gas sensor prepared by etching LiF/HCl solution was repeatable to 10 ppm NH3. (c) at room temperature, the stability of Ti3C2Tx based gas sensor prepared by two etching agents for 10 ppm NH3; (d) response of Ti3C2Tx based gas sensor etched by two etching agents to different gases at room temperature.
图 6 气体分子吸附在不同端接官能团Ti3C2Tx上的密度泛函理论模拟结果 (a) Ti3C2(OH)2, (b) Ti3C2O2和(c) Ti3C2F2上NH3最小能量配置的侧面和顶部视图(1 Å = 0.1 nm)
Figure 6. DFT simulation results of gas molecules adsorbed on different terminated functional groups Ti3C2Tx. Side and top views of the minimum energy configuration for NH3 on (a) Ti3C2(OH)2, (b) Ti3C2O2 and (c) Ti3C2F2 (1 Å = 0.1 nm).
图 7 Ti3C2Tx基气体传感器对NH3的传感机理
Figure 7. Sensing mechanism of NH3 by Ti3C2Tx based gas sensor.
表 1 两种不同刻蚀剂制备获得的Ti3C2Tx材料比表面积
Table 1. Specific surface area of Ti3C2Tx prepared by two different etchers.
样品 刻蚀剂 比表面积/(m2·g–1) Ti3C2Tx HF溶液 5.265 Ti3C2Tx LiF/HCl溶液 5.263 
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Table 2. Figs. 4(c) and 4(d) Langmuir isotherm coefficients.
刻蚀剂 LiF/HCl HF 工作温度 室温 室温 a 38.94405 14.41327 b 0.06246 0.3099
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[1] Naguib M, Kurtoglu M, Presser V, Lu J, Niu J, Heon M, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum M W 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 4248
Google Scholar
[2] Deysher G, Shuck C E, Hantanasirisakul K, Frey N C, Foucher A C, Maleski K, Sarycheva A, Shenoy V B, Stach E A, Anasori B, Gogotsi Y 2020 ACS Nano 14 204
Google Scholar
[3] Sokol M, Natu V, Kota S, Barsoum M W 2019 Trends Environ. Anal. Chem. 1 210
Google Scholar
[4] Tao Q, Lu J, Dahlqvist M, Mockute A, Calder S, Petruhins A, Meshkian R, Rivin O, Potashnikov D, Caspi E a N, Shaked H, Hoser A, Opagiste C, Galera R M, Salikhov R, Wiedwald U, Ritter C, Wildes A R, Johansson B, Hultman L, Farle M, Barsoum M W, Rosen J 2019 Chem. of Mater. 31 2476
Google Scholar
[5] Shein I R, Ivanovskii A L 2013 Micro Nano Lett. 8 59
Google Scholar
[6] Ding L, Wei Y, Li L, Zhang T, Wang H, Xue J, Ding L X, Wang S, Caro J, Gogotsi Y 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 155
Google Scholar
[7] Anasori B, Lukatskaya M R, Gogotsi Y 2017 Nat. Rev. Mater. 2 16098
Google Scholar
[8] Ding L, Wei Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Caro J, Wang H 2017 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 56 1825
Google Scholar
[9] Khazaei M, Ranjbar A, Ghorbani Asl M, Arai M, Sasaki T, Liang Y, Yunoki S 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 205125
Google Scholar
[10] Yang Z, Jiang L, Wang J, Liu F, He J, Liu A, Lv S, You R, Yan X, Sun P, Wang C, Duan Y, Lu G 2021 Sens. Actuators B Chem. 326 128828
Google Scholar
[11] Tai H, Duan Z, He Z, Li X, Xu J, Liu B, Jiang Y 2019 Sens. Actuators B Chem. 298 126874
Google Scholar
[12] Wu M, He M, Hu Q, Wu Q, Sun G, Xie L, Zhang Z, Zhu Z, Zhou A 2019 ACS Sens. 4 2763
Google Scholar
[13] Feng A, Yu Y, Wang Y, Jiang F, Yu Y, Mi L, Song L 2017 Mater. Des. 114 161
Google Scholar
[14] Halim J, Lukatskaya M R, Cook K M, Lu J, Smith C R, Naslund L A, May S J, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y, Eklund P, Barsoum M W 2014 Chem. Mater. 26 2374
Google Scholar
[15] Yang S, Zhang P, Wang F, Ricciardulli A G, Lohe M R, Blom P W M, Feng X 2018 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 57 15491
Google Scholar
[16] 黄大朋 2020 博士学位论文 (济南: 山东大学)
Huang D P 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation(Jinan: Shandong University) (in Chinese)
[17] Lee E, VahidMohammadi A, Prorok B C, Yoon Y S, Beidaghi M, Kim D J 2017 ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 9 37184
Google Scholar
[18] Alhabeb M, Maleski K, Anasori B, Lelyukh P, Clark L, Sin S, Gogotsi Y 2017 Chem. Mater. 29 7633
Google Scholar
[19] Cheng Y, Ma Y, Li L, Zhu M, Yue Y, Liu W, Wang L, Jia S, Li C, Qi T, Wang J, Gao Y 2020 ACS Nano 14 2145
Google Scholar
[20] Halim J, Cook K M, Naguib M, Eklund P, Gogotsi Y, Rosen J, Barsoum M W 2016 Appl. Surf. Sci. 362 406
Google Scholar
[21] Wu Y, Nie P, Wang J, Dou H, Zhang X 2017 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 39610
Google Scholar
[22] Kim S J, Koh H J, Ren C E, Kwon O, Maleski K, Cho S Y, Anasori B, Kim C K, Choi Y K, Kim J, Gogotsi Y, Jung H T 2018 ACS Nano 12 986
Google Scholar
[23] Ghidiu M, Halim J, Kota S, Bish D, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum M W 2016 Chem. Mater. 28 3507
Google Scholar
[24] Choi Y R, Yoon Y G, Choi K S, Kang J H, Shim Y S, Kim Y H, Chang H J, Lee J H, Park C R, Kim S Y, Jang H W 2015 Carbon 91 178
Google Scholar
[25] Geistlinger H 1993 Sens. Actuators B Chem. 17 47
Google Scholar
[26] Lu G, Ocola L E, Chen J 2009 Nanotechnology 20 445502
Google Scholar
[27] Yu X F, Li Y C, Cheng J B, Liu Z B, Li Q Z, Li W Z, Yang X, Xiao B 2015 ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 7 13707
Google Scholar
[28] Tang Q, Zhou Z, Shen P 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 16909
Google Scholar
[29] Anasori B, Lukatskaya M R, Gogotsi Y 2017 Nature Reviews Materials 2 16098
[30] Xiao B, Li Y C, Yu X F, Cheng J B 2016 Sens. Actuators B Chem. 235 103
Google Scholar
[31] Ghosh R, Singh A, Santra S, Ray S K, Chandra A, Guha P K 2014 Sens. Actuators B Chem. 205 67
Google Scholar
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