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随着高速成像、航空航天及光通信等领域的快速发展，对覆盖宽光谱范围且具备高性能的光电探测器需求日益迫切。二维材料因其独特的结构维度、可调的电子结构以及优异的载流子输运特性等，被视为宽谱光电探测的理想候选材料。然而，实现兼具高响应度与高速响应的宽谱探测器仍面临诸多挑战。本文首先介绍了二维材料的光电特性基础，包括带隙调控机制与光谱响应范围、载流子输运及复合过程、光吸收系特性等，为理解其宽谱探测能力奠定理论基础。随后，系统梳理了窄带隙二维材料、二维拓扑材料以及二维钙钛矿材料体系在宽谱探测中的研究进展。接下来重点探讨了异质集成、缺陷调控、光场增强以及应变调控等四类提升二维材料光电探测性能的有效途径。最后，对二维材料宽谱光电探测器在高性能、低功耗、多功能化及规模化应用方面的挑战与发展前景进行了展望，指出多种策略的协同集成有望推动新一代宽谱光电探测器的实用化进程。The growing demands of high-speed imaging, aerospace, and optical communication have driven intensive research on broadband photodetectors with high sensitivity and fast response. Twodimensional (2D) materials, featuring atomic-scale thickness, tunable bandgaps, and excellent carrier transport properties, are regarded as ideal candidates for next-generation optoelectronics. However, their limited light absorption and intrinsic recombination losses remain key challenges. This review provides an overview of recent progress in 2Dmaterial-based broadband photodetectors. First, the fundamental optoelectronic properties of 2D materials, including bandgap modulation, carrier dynamics, and light - matter interactions, are discussed to clarify their broadband detection potential. Representative material systems - such as narrow-bandgap semiconductors, 2D topological materials, and perovskites - are summarized, demonstrating detection capabilities spanning from ultraviolet to mid-infrared regions. To overcome intrinsic limitations, four optimization strategies are highlighted: heterostructure engineering for efficient charge separation and extended spectral response; defect engineering to introduce mid-gap states and enhance sub-bandgap absorption; optical field enhancement through plasmonic nanostructures and optical cavities to improve responsivity; and strain engineering for reversible band structure tuning, particularly suited for flexible devices. These strategies have enabled remarkable improvements in responsivity, detectivity, and bandwidth, with some devices achieving ultrabroadband detection and multifunctionality. In summary, 2D materials and their hybrids have shown great promise for broadband photodetection, with advances spanning from material innovation to device architecture optimization. The reviewed strategies - heterostructure integration, defect modulation, optical field enhancement, and strain engineering - collectively demonstrate the diverse pathways to overcome intrinsic limitations and boost device performance. Looking forward, the rational combination of these approaches is expected to further expand the detection window, improve sensitivity, and enable multifunctional operation, thereby paving the way toward nextgeneration broadband photodetectors with versatile applications in imaging, sensing, and optoelectronic systems
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Keywords:
- Two-dimensional materials /
- Broadband photodetectors /
- Heterostructure integration /
- Regulatory strategies
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