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Continuous-variable quantum random number generator (cv-QRNG) is appealing for its convenience of state preparation and high measurement bandwidth. Chip-size integration of this type of QRNG is expectable because all components involved have been integrated on a single chip recently. Most of the existing schemes, including all existing commercial schemes, usually take a once-and-for-all approach to the evaluation of quantum entropy. In this work, we propose a double-level parallel cv-QRNG scheme that integrates real-time phase-space monitoring and entropy evaluation. By dynamically threshold monitoring and self-adapting scaling of Toeplitz matrix, the security and generation rate of QRNG can be simultaneously enhanced.
Experimentally, a parallel extraction system of vacuum state double quadratures and multiple sideband modes is constructed based on heterodyne, providing sufficient raw data for high-precision and high-speed tomography reconstruction of quantum entropy source and parallel extraction of QRNG. Based on the statistical analysis of data under long-term stable operation of the system, dynamic KLD-sensitive security threshold for statistical distribution of Husimi-Q function of the entropy source is established. When a weak chaotic field is injected to simulate a thermal state attack, the KLD value jumps and quickly deviates from the steady state baseline, manifesting a sensitive attack recognition. It is worth pointing out that the threshold parameter can be dynamically optimized according to the security requirements of actual application scenarios. An FPGA-based real-time feedback Toeplitz-hash extractor employs a maximum matrix bit-width truncation method to dynamically adjust Toeplitz matrix parameters. This optimization reduces the maximum extraction ratio interval from 6% to 1.8%, with all intervals below 1% for extraction ratios ≤76%, significantly mitigating entropy losses caused by discrete adjustment of the Toeplitz matrix, and achieving a minimum extraction ratio of 16.9%. This flexibility enables the system to accurately control the response sensitivity of abnormal signals while maintaining the real-time generation of quantum random bits. Finally, real-time generation rate of 17.512 Gbps is attained with security parameters at the level of 10-50 and the generated random numbers passed NIST SP 800-22, Diehard, and TestU01 standard tests.
This research provides a technical path for real-time entropy source security assessment for QRNG. The proposed scheme has well integrability and scalability, offering a feasible solution for QRNG to enter the application stage.-
Keywords:
- quantum random number /
- continuous variable quantum state /
- quantum conditioned min-entropy /
- FPGA based real-time toeplitz-hash postprocessing
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