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High-power tunable mid-infrared (MIR) and far-infrared (FIR) lasers in a range of 3-20 μm, especially in the atmospheric windows of 3-5 μm and 8-12 μm are essential for the applications, such as in remote sensing, minimally invasive surgery, telecommunication, national security, etc. At present, the technology of MIR and FIR laser have become a research hotspot. As the core component of all-solid-state laser frequency conversion system, nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals for coherent MIR and FIR laser are urgently needed by continuously optimizing and developing. However, compared with several outstanding near infrared, visible, and ultraviolet NLO crystals, such as β-BaB2O4, LiB3O5, LiNbO3, KTiOPO4, and KBe2BO3F2, the generation of currently available NLO crystals for 3-20 μm laser is still underdeveloped. Traditional NLO oxide crystals are limited to output wavelengths ≤ 4 μm due to the multi-phonon absorption. In the past decades, the chalcopyrite-type AgGaS2, AgGaSe2 and ZnGeP2 have become three main commercial crystals in the MIR region due to their high second-harmonic generation coefficients and wide IR transparency ranges. Up to now, ZnGeP2 is still the state-of-the-art crystal for high energy and high average power output in a range of 3-8 μm. Unfortunately, there are still some intrinsic drawbacks that hinder their applications, such as in poor thermal conductivity and low laser damage threshold for AgGaS2, non-phase-matching at 1.06 μm pumping for AgGaSe2, and harmful two-photon absorption at 1.06 μm for ZnGeP2. In addition, ZnGeP2 has significant multi-phonon absorption in an 8-12 μm band, which restricts its applications in long wavelength MIR. With the development of research, several novel birefringent crystals, as well as all-epitaxial processing of orientation-patterned semiconductors GaAs (OP-GaAs) and GaP (OP-GaP), have been explored together with attractive properties, such as large NLO effect, wide transparency ranges, and high resistance to laser damage.
In this paper, from the angle of the compositions of NLO crystal materials, several kinds of phosphide crystals (ZnGeP2 CdSiP2) and chalcogenide crystals (CdSe, GaSe, LiInS2 series, and BaGa4S7 series) are summarized. In addition, the latest achievements of the orientation-patterned materials such as OP-GaAs and OP-GaP are also reviewed systematically. In summary, we review the above-mentioned attractive properties of these materials such as in the unique capabilities, the crystal growth, and the output power in the MIR and FIR region.-
Keywords:
- infrared laser /
- nonlinear optical crystals /
- research progress
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[2] Lan H, Liang F, Jiang X, Zhang C, Yu H, Lin Z, Zhang H, Wang J, Wu Y 2018 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140 4684
[3] Liu T, Qin J, Zhang G, Zhu T, Niu F, Wu Y, Chen C 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 091102
[4] Zhang G, Qin J, Liu T, Li Y, Wu Y, Chen C 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 261104
[5] Ye N, Tu C, Long X, Hong M 2010 Cryst. Growth Des. 10 4672
[6] Liang F, Kang L, Lin Z, Wu Y 2017 Cryst. Growth Des. 17 2254
[7] Isaenko L I, Yelisseyev A P 2016 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 31 123001
[8] Wu H, Wang Z, Ni Y, Mao M, Huang C, Cheng X 2012 J. Cryst. Growth 353 158
[9] Schunemann P G, Pollak T M 1997 J. Cryst. Growth 174 272
[10] Zhang G, Tao X, Ruan H, Wang S, Shi Q 2012 J. Cryst. Growth 340 197
[11] Isaenko L, Yelisseyev A, Lobanov S, Petrov V, Rotermund F, Zondy J J, Knippels G H M 2001 Mater. Sci. Semicond. Processing 4 665
[12] Petrov V, Zondy J J, Bidault O, Isaenko L, Vedenyapin V, Yelisseyev A. Chen W D, Tyazhev A, Lobanov S, Marchev G, Kolker D 2010 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27 1902
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[14] Yao J, Yin W, Feng K, Li X, Mei D, Lu Q, Ni Y, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Wu Y 2012 J. Cryst. Growth 346 1
[15] Li G, Chu Y, Zhou Z 2018 Chem. Mater. 30 602
[16] Hanna D C, Rampal V V, Smith R C 1973 Opt. Commun. 8 151
[17] Boyd G, Kasper H, McFee J 1971 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 7 563
[18] Singh N B, Hopkins R H, Feichtner J D 1986 J. Mater. Sci. 21 837
[19] Buehler E, Wernick J H, Wiley J D 1973 J. Electron. Mater. 2 445
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[21] Zhang G, Tao X, Wang S, Shi Q, Ruan H, Chen L 2012 J. Cryst. Growth 352 67
[22] Zhang G, Tao X, Wang S, Liu G, Shi Q, Jiang M 2011 J. Cryst. Growth 318 717
[23] Lei Z, Okunev A O, Zhu C, Verozubova G A, Ma T, Yang A C 2016 J. Cryst. Growth 450 34
[24] Zhong K, Li J S, Xu D G, Wang J L, Wang Z, Wang P, Yao J Q 2010 Optoelectron. Lett. 6 179
[25] Zawilski K T, Schunemann P G, Setzler S D, Pollak T M 2008 J. Cryst. Growth 310 1891
[26] Lei Z, Zhu C, Xu C, Yao B, Yang C 2014 J. Cryst. Growth 389 23
[27] Haakestad M W, Arisholm G, Lippert E, Nicolas S, Rustad G, Stenersen K 2008 Opt. Express 16 14263
[28] Dergachev A, Armstrong D, Smith A, Drake T, Dubois M 2007 Opt. Express 15 14404
[29] Petrov V, Rotermund F, Noack F, Schunemann P 1999 Opt. Lett. 24 414
[30] Schunemann P G 2007 Proc. SPIE 6455 64550R
[31] Hemming A, Richards J, Davidson A, Carmody N, Bennetts S, Simakov N, Haub J 2013 Opt. Express 21 10062
[32] Qian C P, Shen Y J, Yao B Q, Duan X M, Ju Y L, Wang Y Z 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) San Jose, California USA, June 5--10, 2016 p1
[33] Kumar S C, Zawilski K T, Schunemann P G, Ebrahim-Zadeh M 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 3606
[34] Zawilski K T, Schunemann P G, Pollak T C, Zelmon D E, Fernelius N C, Kenneth Hopkins F 2010 J. Cryst. Growth 312 1127
[35] Zhang G, Ruan H, Zhang X, Wang S, Tao X 2013 Cryst. Eng. Comm. 15 4255
[36] Fan L, Zhu S, Zhao B, Chen B, He Z, Yang H, Liu G, Wang X 2013 J. Cryst. Growth 364 62
[37] He Z, Zhao B, Zhu S, Chen B, Huang W, Lin L, Feng B 2018 J. Cryst. Growth 481 29
[38] Peremans A, Lis D, Cecchet F, Schunemann P G, Zawilski K T, Petrov V 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 3053
[39] Kumar S C, Agnesi A, Dallocchio P, Pirzio F, Reali G, Zawilski K T, Schunemann P G, Ebrahim-Zadeh M 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 3236
[40] Kumar S C, Jelínek M, Baudisch M, Zawilski K T, Schunemann P G, Kubeček V, Biegert J, Ebrahim-Zadeh M 2012 Opt. Express 20 15703
[41] O'Donnell C F, Kumar S C, Zawilski K T, Schunemann P G, Ebrahim-Zadeh M 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 1507
[42] Bai L, Lin Z S, Wang Z Z, Chen C T 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 083111
[43] Isaenko L, Vasilyeva I, Yelisseyev A, Lobanov S, Malakhov V, Dovlitova L, Zondy J J, Kavun I 2000 J. Cryst. Growth 218 313
[44] Wang S, Gao Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Li C, Dong C, Lu Q, Zhao M, Tao X 2014 Cryst. Growth Des. 14 5957
[45] Beutler M, Rimke I, Büttner E, Petrov V, Isaenko L 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 4353
[46] Isaenko L, Yelisseyev A, Lobanov S, Petrov V, Rotermund F, Slekys G, Zondy J J 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 91 9475
[47] Tupitsyn E, Bhattacharya P, Rowe E, Matei L, Cui Y, Buliga V, Groza M, Wiggins B, Burger A, Stowe A 2014 J. Cryst. Growth 393 23
[48] Wang S, Zhang X, Zhang X, Li C, Gao Z, Lu Q, Tao X 2014 J. Cryst. Growth 401 150
[49] Jia N, Wang S, Gao Z, Wu Q, Li C, Zhang X, Yu T, Lu Q, Tao X 2017 Cryst. Growth Des. 17 5875
[50] Ma T, Zhu C, Lei Z, Yang C, Sun L, Zhang H 2015 J. Cryst. Growth 415 132
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[52] Wang S, Dai S, Jia N, Zong N, Li C, Shen Y, Yu T, Qiao J, Gao Z, Peng Q, Xu Z, Tao X 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 2098
[53] Dai S, Jia N, Chen J, Shen Y, Yang S, Li Y, Liu Q, Yang F, Zong N, Wang Z, Zhang F, Cui D, Peng Q, Wang S, Tao X, Xu Z 2017 Opt. Express 25 12860
[54] Lin X, Zhang G, Ye N 2009 Cryst. Growth Des. 9 1186
[55] Yao J, Mei D, Bai L, Lin Z, Yin W, Fu P, Wu Y 2010 Inorg. Chem. 49 9212
[56] Badikov V, Badikov D, Shevyrdyaeva G, Tyazhev A, Marchev G, Panyutin V, Petrov V, Kwasniewski A 2011 Phys. Status Solidi RRL 5 31
[57] Tyazhev A, Kolker D, Marchev G, Badikov V, Badikov D, Shevyrdyaeva G, Panyutin V, Petrov V 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 4146
[58] Kato K, Okamoto T, Mikami T, Petrov V, Badikov V, Badikov D, Panyutin V 2013 Proc. SPIE 8604 860416
[59] Yang F, Yao J Y, Xu H Y, Feng K, Yin W L, Li F Q, Yang J, Du S F, Peng Q J, Zhang J Y, Cui D F, Wu Y C, Chen C T, Xu Z Y 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 3903
[60] Yang F, Yao J Y, Xu H Y, Zhang F F, Zhai N X, Lin Z H, Zong N, Peng Q J, Zhang J Y, Cui D F, Wu Y C, Chen C T, Xu Z Y 2015 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 27 1100
[61] Yuan J H, Li C, Yao B Q, Yao J Y, Duan X M, Li Y Y, Shen Y J, Wu Y C, Cui Z, Dai T Y 2016 Opt. Express 24 6083
[62] Xu W T, Wang Y Y, Xu D G, Li C, Yao J Y, Yan C, He Y X, Nie M T, Wu Y C, Yao J Q 2017 Appl. Phys. B 123 80
[63] Kolker D B, Kostyukova N Y, Boyko A A, Badikov V V, Badikov D V, Shadrintseva A G, Tretyakova N N, Zenov K G, Karapuzikov A A, Zondy J J 2018 J. Phys. Commun. 2 035039
[64] Kolesnikov N N, James R B, Berzigiarova N S, Kulakov M P 2003 Proc. SPIE 4784 93
[65] Zeng T, Zhao B, Zhu S, He Z, Chen B, Tan Z 2011 J. Cryst. Growth 316 15
[66] Ni Y, Wu H, Mao M, Li W, Wang Z, Ma J, Chen S, Huang C 2018 Opt. Mater. Express 8 1796
[67] Yao B Q, Li G, Zhu G L, Meng P B, Jü Y L, Wang Y Z 2012 Chin. Phys. B 3 034213
[68] Allik T H, Chandra S, Rines D M, Schunemann P G, Hutchinson J A, Utano R 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 597
[69] Yuan J H, Duan X M, Yao B Q, Cui Z, Li Y Y, Dai T Y, Shen Y J, Ju Y L 2016 Appl. Phys. B 122 202
[70] Anis M K 1981 J. Cryst. Growth 55 465
[71] Petrov V, Panyutin V L, Tyazhev A, Marchev G, Zagumennyi A I, Rotermund F, Noack F, Miyata K, Iskhakova L D, Zerrouk A F 2011 Laser Phys. 21 774
[72] Tikhomirov A A, Lanskii G V 2006 Proc. SPIE 6258 64
[73] Suhre D R, Singh N B, Balakrishna V, Fernelius N C, Hopkins F K 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 775
[74] Das S, Ghosh C, Voevodina O G, Andreev Y M, Sarkisov S Y 2006 Appl. Phys. B 82 43
[75] Hsu Y K, Chang C S, Hsieh W F 2003 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42 4222
[76] Zhu C, Lei Z, Song L, Ma T, Yang C 2015 J. Cryst. Growth 421 53
[77] Zhong K, Yao J Q, Li J S, Xu D, Wang P 2010 Proc. SPIE 7846 78460
[78] Petrov V, Badikov V, Shevyrdyaeva G, Panyutin V, Chizhikov V 2004 Opt. Mater. 26 217
[79] Petrov V, Noack F, Badikov V, Shevyrdyaeva G, Panyutin V, Chizhikov V 2004 Appl. Opt. 43 4590
[80] Shevchuk M V, Atuchin V V, Kityk A V, Fedorchuk A O, Romanyuk Y E, CaŁus S, Yurchenko O M, Parasyuk O V 2011 J. Cryst. Growth 318 708
[81] Santos-Ortiz R, Tupitsyn E, Nieves I, Bhattacharya P, Burger A 2011 J. Cryst. Growth 314 293
[82] Schunemann P G, Pomeranz L A, Setzler S D, Jones C W, Budni P A 2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics: Europe & International Quantum Electronics Conference Munich, Germany, May 12--16, 2013 p1
[83] Tassev V, Bliss D, Lynch C, Yapp C, Goodhue W, Termkoa K 2010 J. Cryst. Growth 312 1146
[84] Schunemann P G, Pomeranz L A, Magarrell D J 2015 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics: Science and Innovations San Jose, United States, May 10--15 2015 p4
[85] Pomeranz L A, Schunemann P G, Magarrell D J, McCarthy J C, Zawilski K T, Zelmon D E 2015 Proc. SPIE 9347 9347K
[86] Maidment L, Schunemann P G, Reid D T 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics San Jose, United States, June 5--10, 2016 pSTu1Q.5
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[1] Schunemann P G, Zawilski K T, Pomeranz L A, Creeden D J, Budni P A 2016 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 33 D36
[2] Lan H, Liang F, Jiang X, Zhang C, Yu H, Lin Z, Zhang H, Wang J, Wu Y 2018 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140 4684
[3] Liu T, Qin J, Zhang G, Zhu T, Niu F, Wu Y, Chen C 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 091102
[4] Zhang G, Qin J, Liu T, Li Y, Wu Y, Chen C 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 261104
[5] Ye N, Tu C, Long X, Hong M 2010 Cryst. Growth Des. 10 4672
[6] Liang F, Kang L, Lin Z, Wu Y 2017 Cryst. Growth Des. 17 2254
[7] Isaenko L I, Yelisseyev A P 2016 Semicond. Sci. Technol. 31 123001
[8] Wu H, Wang Z, Ni Y, Mao M, Huang C, Cheng X 2012 J. Cryst. Growth 353 158
[9] Schunemann P G, Pollak T M 1997 J. Cryst. Growth 174 272
[10] Zhang G, Tao X, Ruan H, Wang S, Shi Q 2012 J. Cryst. Growth 340 197
[11] Isaenko L, Yelisseyev A, Lobanov S, Petrov V, Rotermund F, Zondy J J, Knippels G H M 2001 Mater. Sci. Semicond. Processing 4 665
[12] Petrov V, Zondy J J, Bidault O, Isaenko L, Vedenyapin V, Yelisseyev A. Chen W D, Tyazhev A, Lobanov S, Marchev G, Kolker D 2010 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27 1902
[13] Guo Y F, Zhou Y Q, Lin X S, Chen W D, Ye N 2014 Opt. Mater. 36 2007
[14] Yao J, Yin W, Feng K, Li X, Mei D, Lu Q, Ni Y, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Wu Y 2012 J. Cryst. Growth 346 1
[15] Li G, Chu Y, Zhou Z 2018 Chem. Mater. 30 602
[16] Hanna D C, Rampal V V, Smith R C 1973 Opt. Commun. 8 151
[17] Boyd G, Kasper H, McFee J 1971 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 7 563
[18] Singh N B, Hopkins R H, Feichtner J D 1986 J. Mater. Sci. 21 837
[19] Buehler E, Wernick J H, Wiley J D 1973 J. Electron. Mater. 2 445
[20] Bliss D F, Harris M, Horrigan J, Higgins W M, Armington A F, Adamski J A 1994 J. Cryst. Growth 137 145
[21] Zhang G, Tao X, Wang S, Shi Q, Ruan H, Chen L 2012 J. Cryst. Growth 352 67
[22] Zhang G, Tao X, Wang S, Liu G, Shi Q, Jiang M 2011 J. Cryst. Growth 318 717
[23] Lei Z, Okunev A O, Zhu C, Verozubova G A, Ma T, Yang A C 2016 J. Cryst. Growth 450 34
[24] Zhong K, Li J S, Xu D G, Wang J L, Wang Z, Wang P, Yao J Q 2010 Optoelectron. Lett. 6 179
[25] Zawilski K T, Schunemann P G, Setzler S D, Pollak T M 2008 J. Cryst. Growth 310 1891
[26] Lei Z, Zhu C, Xu C, Yao B, Yang C 2014 J. Cryst. Growth 389 23
[27] Haakestad M W, Arisholm G, Lippert E, Nicolas S, Rustad G, Stenersen K 2008 Opt. Express 16 14263
[28] Dergachev A, Armstrong D, Smith A, Drake T, Dubois M 2007 Opt. Express 15 14404
[29] Petrov V, Rotermund F, Noack F, Schunemann P 1999 Opt. Lett. 24 414
[30] Schunemann P G 2007 Proc. SPIE 6455 64550R
[31] Hemming A, Richards J, Davidson A, Carmody N, Bennetts S, Simakov N, Haub J 2013 Opt. Express 21 10062
[32] Qian C P, Shen Y J, Yao B Q, Duan X M, Ju Y L, Wang Y Z 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) San Jose, California USA, June 5--10, 2016 p1
[33] Kumar S C, Zawilski K T, Schunemann P G, Ebrahim-Zadeh M 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 3606
[34] Zawilski K T, Schunemann P G, Pollak T C, Zelmon D E, Fernelius N C, Kenneth Hopkins F 2010 J. Cryst. Growth 312 1127
[35] Zhang G, Ruan H, Zhang X, Wang S, Tao X 2013 Cryst. Eng. Comm. 15 4255
[36] Fan L, Zhu S, Zhao B, Chen B, He Z, Yang H, Liu G, Wang X 2013 J. Cryst. Growth 364 62
[37] He Z, Zhao B, Zhu S, Chen B, Huang W, Lin L, Feng B 2018 J. Cryst. Growth 481 29
[38] Peremans A, Lis D, Cecchet F, Schunemann P G, Zawilski K T, Petrov V 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 3053
[39] Kumar S C, Agnesi A, Dallocchio P, Pirzio F, Reali G, Zawilski K T, Schunemann P G, Ebrahim-Zadeh M 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 3236
[40] Kumar S C, Jelínek M, Baudisch M, Zawilski K T, Schunemann P G, Kubeček V, Biegert J, Ebrahim-Zadeh M 2012 Opt. Express 20 15703
[41] O'Donnell C F, Kumar S C, Zawilski K T, Schunemann P G, Ebrahim-Zadeh M 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 1507
[42] Bai L, Lin Z S, Wang Z Z, Chen C T 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 083111
[43] Isaenko L, Vasilyeva I, Yelisseyev A, Lobanov S, Malakhov V, Dovlitova L, Zondy J J, Kavun I 2000 J. Cryst. Growth 218 313
[44] Wang S, Gao Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Li C, Dong C, Lu Q, Zhao M, Tao X 2014 Cryst. Growth Des. 14 5957
[45] Beutler M, Rimke I, Büttner E, Petrov V, Isaenko L 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 4353
[46] Isaenko L, Yelisseyev A, Lobanov S, Petrov V, Rotermund F, Slekys G, Zondy J J 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 91 9475
[47] Tupitsyn E, Bhattacharya P, Rowe E, Matei L, Cui Y, Buliga V, Groza M, Wiggins B, Burger A, Stowe A 2014 J. Cryst. Growth 393 23
[48] Wang S, Zhang X, Zhang X, Li C, Gao Z, Lu Q, Tao X 2014 J. Cryst. Growth 401 150
[49] Jia N, Wang S, Gao Z, Wu Q, Li C, Zhang X, Yu T, Lu Q, Tao X 2017 Cryst. Growth Des. 17 5875
[50] Ma T, Zhu C, Lei Z, Yang C, Sun L, Zhang H 2015 J. Cryst. Growth 415 132
[51] Marchev G, Tyazhev A, Vedenyapin V, Kolker D, Yelisseyev A, Lobanov S, Isaenko L, Zondy J J, Petrov V 2009 Opt. Express 17 13441
[52] Wang S, Dai S, Jia N, Zong N, Li C, Shen Y, Yu T, Qiao J, Gao Z, Peng Q, Xu Z, Tao X 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 2098
[53] Dai S, Jia N, Chen J, Shen Y, Yang S, Li Y, Liu Q, Yang F, Zong N, Wang Z, Zhang F, Cui D, Peng Q, Wang S, Tao X, Xu Z 2017 Opt. Express 25 12860
[54] Lin X, Zhang G, Ye N 2009 Cryst. Growth Des. 9 1186
[55] Yao J, Mei D, Bai L, Lin Z, Yin W, Fu P, Wu Y 2010 Inorg. Chem. 49 9212
[56] Badikov V, Badikov D, Shevyrdyaeva G, Tyazhev A, Marchev G, Panyutin V, Petrov V, Kwasniewski A 2011 Phys. Status Solidi RRL 5 31
[57] Tyazhev A, Kolker D, Marchev G, Badikov V, Badikov D, Shevyrdyaeva G, Panyutin V, Petrov V 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 4146
[58] Kato K, Okamoto T, Mikami T, Petrov V, Badikov V, Badikov D, Panyutin V 2013 Proc. SPIE 8604 860416
[59] Yang F, Yao J Y, Xu H Y, Feng K, Yin W L, Li F Q, Yang J, Du S F, Peng Q J, Zhang J Y, Cui D F, Wu Y C, Chen C T, Xu Z Y 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 3903
[60] Yang F, Yao J Y, Xu H Y, Zhang F F, Zhai N X, Lin Z H, Zong N, Peng Q J, Zhang J Y, Cui D F, Wu Y C, Chen C T, Xu Z Y 2015 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 27 1100
[61] Yuan J H, Li C, Yao B Q, Yao J Y, Duan X M, Li Y Y, Shen Y J, Wu Y C, Cui Z, Dai T Y 2016 Opt. Express 24 6083
[62] Xu W T, Wang Y Y, Xu D G, Li C, Yao J Y, Yan C, He Y X, Nie M T, Wu Y C, Yao J Q 2017 Appl. Phys. B 123 80
[63] Kolker D B, Kostyukova N Y, Boyko A A, Badikov V V, Badikov D V, Shadrintseva A G, Tretyakova N N, Zenov K G, Karapuzikov A A, Zondy J J 2018 J. Phys. Commun. 2 035039
[64] Kolesnikov N N, James R B, Berzigiarova N S, Kulakov M P 2003 Proc. SPIE 4784 93
[65] Zeng T, Zhao B, Zhu S, He Z, Chen B, Tan Z 2011 J. Cryst. Growth 316 15
[66] Ni Y, Wu H, Mao M, Li W, Wang Z, Ma J, Chen S, Huang C 2018 Opt. Mater. Express 8 1796
[67] Yao B Q, Li G, Zhu G L, Meng P B, Jü Y L, Wang Y Z 2012 Chin. Phys. B 3 034213
[68] Allik T H, Chandra S, Rines D M, Schunemann P G, Hutchinson J A, Utano R 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 597
[69] Yuan J H, Duan X M, Yao B Q, Cui Z, Li Y Y, Dai T Y, Shen Y J, Ju Y L 2016 Appl. Phys. B 122 202
[70] Anis M K 1981 J. Cryst. Growth 55 465
[71] Petrov V, Panyutin V L, Tyazhev A, Marchev G, Zagumennyi A I, Rotermund F, Noack F, Miyata K, Iskhakova L D, Zerrouk A F 2011 Laser Phys. 21 774
[72] Tikhomirov A A, Lanskii G V 2006 Proc. SPIE 6258 64
[73] Suhre D R, Singh N B, Balakrishna V, Fernelius N C, Hopkins F K 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 775
[74] Das S, Ghosh C, Voevodina O G, Andreev Y M, Sarkisov S Y 2006 Appl. Phys. B 82 43
[75] Hsu Y K, Chang C S, Hsieh W F 2003 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42 4222
[76] Zhu C, Lei Z, Song L, Ma T, Yang C 2015 J. Cryst. Growth 421 53
[77] Zhong K, Yao J Q, Li J S, Xu D, Wang P 2010 Proc. SPIE 7846 78460
[78] Petrov V, Badikov V, Shevyrdyaeva G, Panyutin V, Chizhikov V 2004 Opt. Mater. 26 217
[79] Petrov V, Noack F, Badikov V, Shevyrdyaeva G, Panyutin V, Chizhikov V 2004 Appl. Opt. 43 4590
[80] Shevchuk M V, Atuchin V V, Kityk A V, Fedorchuk A O, Romanyuk Y E, CaŁus S, Yurchenko O M, Parasyuk O V 2011 J. Cryst. Growth 318 708
[81] Santos-Ortiz R, Tupitsyn E, Nieves I, Bhattacharya P, Burger A 2011 J. Cryst. Growth 314 293
[82] Schunemann P G, Pomeranz L A, Setzler S D, Jones C W, Budni P A 2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics: Europe & International Quantum Electronics Conference Munich, Germany, May 12--16, 2013 p1
[83] Tassev V, Bliss D, Lynch C, Yapp C, Goodhue W, Termkoa K 2010 J. Cryst. Growth 312 1146
[84] Schunemann P G, Pomeranz L A, Magarrell D J 2015 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics: Science and Innovations San Jose, United States, May 10--15 2015 p4
[85] Pomeranz L A, Schunemann P G, Magarrell D J, McCarthy J C, Zawilski K T, Zelmon D E 2015 Proc. SPIE 9347 9347K
[86] Maidment L, Schunemann P G, Reid D T 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics San Jose, United States, June 5--10, 2016 pSTu1Q.5
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