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Thermoelectric properties and prospects of MAX phases and derived MXene phases

Liu Chao Yang Yue-Yang Nan Ce-Wen Lin Yuan-Hua

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Thermoelectric properties and prospects of MAX phases and derived MXene phases

Liu Chao, Yang Yue-Yang, Nan Ce-Wen, Lin Yuan-Hua
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  • Thermoelectric materials, a kind of new energy material, can directly convert heat energy into electric energy, and vice versa, without needing any other energy conversion. However, the present development status of thermoelectric materials severely restricts their engineering applications in thermoelectric devices. Improving the thermoelectric performances of existing thermoelectric materials and exploring new thermoelectric materials with excellent performance are eternal research topics in thermoelectricity field. In recent years, the MAX phases and their derived MXene phases have gradually received the attention of researchers due to their unique microstructures and properties. The crystal structure of MAX phases is comprised of Mn+1Xn structural units and the single atomic plane of A stacked alternately. The two-dimensional MXene phase derived can be prepared after the atoms in the A-layer of MAX have been etched. The MAX phases and their derived MXene phases have both metal feature and ceramic feature, and also have good thermal conductivity and electric conductivity, and they are anticipated to be the promising thermoelectric materials. In this paper, the present development status of the preparation technology and the thermoelectric properties of MAX phases and MXene are reviewed. Finally, some feasible schemes to improve the thermoelectric properties of MAX and its derived MXene phase materials are proposed, and the development direction and prospect of MAX phases and MXene are prospected as well.
      Corresponding author: Lin Yuan-Hua, linyh@tsinghua.edu.cn
    • Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51729201, 51788104, 51672155) and the State Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0201003).
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  • 图 1  热电材料的塞贝克效应和珀尔帖效应示意图[6]

    Figure 1.  Schematic diagram of Seebeck effect and Peltier effect in thermoelectric materials[6].

    图 2  Mn+1AXn相的晶体结构[11]

    Figure 2.  Crystal structures of MAX-phase compounds. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [11]. Copyright ©2016 John Wiley and Sons.

    图 3  Cr2AlC的组织和性能 (a)晶体结构; (b)热导率; (c)测量电阻率; (d)预测面外电阻率[21]

    Figure 3.  Microtructure and properties of Cr2AlC: (a) Atomic structure; (b) thermal conductivity, compared to the values found in the literature; (c) measurements resistivity; (d) predicted out-of-plane resistivity. Plane reprinted with permission from Ref. [21]. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.

    图 4  Ti2AlC的组织和性能 (a)蚀刻表面; (b)电导率和电阻率; (c)热导率、热容和热扩散率; (d)总热导率、电子热导率和声子热导率[33]

    Figure 4.  Microtructure and properties of Cr2AlC: (a) Etched surface; (b) electrical conductivity and resistivity; (c) thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal diffusivity; (d) total, electronic and phonon thermal conductivity. Plane reprinted with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons.

    图 5  Ti3AlC2的热电性能 (a)电阻率; (b)热导率[34]

    Figure 5.  Thermoelectric properties of Ti3AlC2: (a) Electrical resistivity; (b) thermal conductivity. Plane reprinted with permission from Ref. [34]. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons.

    图 6  MXene的制备方法 (a) HF刻蚀法[12]; (b) LiF+HCl刻蚀法[49]; (c) Li扩张法[52]; (d)电化学刻蚀法[57]; (e)路易斯酸刻蚀法[62]; (f)碘刻蚀法[65]

    Figure 6.  Preparation methods of MXene: (a) Etching method via HF[12]; (b) etching method via LiF+HCl[49]; (c) lithiation expansion[52]; (d) electrochemical etching[57]; (e) Lewis acid etching[62]; (f) iodine‐assisted etching[65]. Panel (a) reprinted from Ref. [12], Copyright 2011 John Wiley and Sons. Panel (b) reprinted from Ref. [49] with the permission of John Wiley and Sons. Panel (c) reprinted with permission from Ref. [52]. Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society. Panel (e) reprinted with permission from Ref. [62], Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society. Panel (f) reprinted from Ref. [65] with the permission of John Wiley and Sons

    图 7  MXene的界面工程及热电性能 (a)−(c) Ti3C2Tx/SWCNTs (M/S), Ti3C2Tx-SWCNTs-Ti3C2Tx (MSM)和 SWCNTs-Ti3C2Tx-SWCNTs (SMS) 多层膜及能量过滤效应示意图[69]; (d)−(f) 3种结构下对应的功率因子随SWCNTs百分比的变化图[69]; (g) MXene和PEDOT复合后形成内建电场示意图; MXene/PEDOT:PSS中不同MXene质量分数下的(h)塞贝克系数和电导率以及(i)功率因子[70]

    Figure 7.  Interface engineering and thermoelectric properties of MXene. The schematic energy diagrams of (a) Ti3C2Tx/SWCNTs (M/S), (b) Ti3C2Tx-SWCNTs-Ti3C2Tx (MSM), and (c) SWCNTs-Ti3C2Tx-SWCNTs (SMS) showing the different energy-filtering effects[69]-. Power factor of (d) Ti3C2Tx/SWCNTs (M/S), (e) Ti3C2Tx-SWCNTs-Ti3C2Tx (MSM), and (f) SWCNTs-Ti3C2Tx-SWCNTs (SMS) films[69]. (g) Schematic diagrams for the interfacial effect between MXene and PEDOT[70]. (h) Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity and (i) power factor of MXene/PEDOT: PSS as a function of the MXene loading[70]. Panels (a)−(f) are reprinted from Ref. [69] with the permission of John Wiley and Sons. Panels (g)−(i) are adapted with permission from Ref. [70], Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.

    图 8  含有0.81% O空位的Ti2CO2在(a)单轴和(b)双轴应变下的电子能带结构; (c) Ti2CO2带隙随应力的变化[72]

    Figure 8.  Electronic band structure of the O-vacacy Ti2CO2 structure (for 0.81% defect concentration) as a function of (a) uniaxial and (b) biaxial strain. (c) Variation of band gap with respect to strain. Reprinted from Ref. [72], Copyright © 2020 John Wiley and Sons

    图 9  MXene的缺陷工程 (a) Mo1.33C[75]; (b) W1.33C[76]

    Figure 9.  Defect engineering of MXene: (a) Mo1.33C; (b) W1.33C. Panel (a) is reprinted with permission from Ref. [75], Springer Nature. Panel (b) is adapted from Ref. [76], Copyright © 2016 John Wiley and Sons.

    图 10  MXene的合金化工程及热电性能 Mo基MXene的 (a)电导率、(b)塞贝克系数和(c)功率因子随温度变化图[78]; (d) Cr基MXene的理论晶格和电子热导率[67]; (e) Cr基MXene的理论ZT[67]; (f) TiMo基MXene的理论晶格和电子热导率[66]; (g) TiMo基MXene的理论ZT[66]

    Figure 10.  Alloying engineering and thermoelectric properties of MXene. Temperature dependent thermoelectric properties of Mo-based MXene papers during the first thermal cycle: (a) Electrical conductivity; (b) Seebeck coefficient; (c) thermoelectric power factor[78]. (d) Lattice and electron thermal conductivities of Cr-based MXene [67]. (e) Thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of Cr-based MXene [67]. (f) Temperature-dependent electronic and lattice thermal conductivities of TiMo-based MXene [66]. (g) Thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) effificiency for passivated TiMo-based MXene [66]. Panels (a) (c) are reprinted with permission from Ref. [78], Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society. Panels (d), (e) are reprinted with permission from Ref. [67], Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society. Panels (f), (g) are reprinted from Ref. [66] with permission from American Physical Society.

    图 11  MXene体系热电性能研究现状, 图中表示的是M位元素组成, 紫色代表理论具有一定的热电性能, 蓝色代表实验上成功制备的MXene相, 红色代表实际已经测得热电性能, 下划线代表具有潜在热电性能的体系

    Figure 11.  Status of thermoelectric research of MXene system. Purple elements represent the constituent MXene have certain thermoelectric properties theoretically. Blue elements represent the constituent MXene synthesized experimentally. Red represents the thermoelectric properties of theses MXene being reported. The lanthanides on the underscore represent a class of MXene that may have thermoelectric properties.

    表 1  常见单相MAX的热电性能[14,34,36,37]

    Table 1.  Thermoelectric properties of single-phase MAX[14,34,36,37].

    物相种类测试温度
    /K
    热膨胀系数
    /(10-6 K-1)
    热导率
    /(W·m–1·K–1)
    电导率
    /(106 S·m–1)
    塞贝克系数/(μV·K–1)
    211相Cr2AlC47312.5017.51.8
    Ti2AlC300(8.10 ± 0.50)46.02.8
    Nb2AlC3008.1020.0
    Ti2SnC30010.00 ± 2.0014.0
    Ti2SC3008.4060..01.8–12.7
    312相Ti3AlC2859.00 ± 0.2026.50.22
    Ti3SiC23009.2046.0
    413相Nb4AlC33005.7513.5
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 2  MXene的带隙以及载流子迁移率[80-99]

    Table 2.  Bandgap and carrier mobility of MXene[80-99].

    MXene带隙/eV迁移率/(cm2·V–1·s–1)计算方法/实验值参考文献
    Sc2CF21.01000—5000 (e)
    200—500 (h)
    PBE[80-83]
    1.85HSE06[82]
    Sc2(OH)20.452000 (e)
    50—240 (h)
    PBE[80-83]
    0.845HSE06[82]
    Sc2CO21.8 PBE[80, 82]
    2.87HSE06[82]
    Sc3(CN)F21.18200—1300 (e)
    80—1000 (h)
    HSE06[84]
    Ti2CO20.17—0.26250—610 (e)
    20000—74000 (h)
    PBE[80-82, 85]
    0.970—150 (e)
    10000—40000 (h)
    HSE06[82, 86, 87]
    1.032—900 (e)
    4000—8000 (h)
    HSE06[88]
    Ti3C2Tx(T = O, OH, F) 0.7±0.2 (e)Experimental[89]
    1.06 (e)Experimental[90]
    0.66Experimental[91]
    Zr2CO20.88—0.97 PBE[80, 82]
    0.66PBE[81]
    1.70150 (e)
    1400—17500 (h)
    HSE06[82, 87]
    1.5814—376 (e)
    770—1950 (h)
    HSE06[88]
    1.34mBJ[92]
    Hf2CO20.8—1.0 PBE[80-82]
    1.6677—330 (e)
    1000—34000 (h)
    HSE06[82, 87]
    1.7824—700 (e)
    620—1300 (h)
    HSE06[88]
    (Zr0.5Hf0.5)2CO21.7445—1460 (e)
    1500—6200 (h)
    PBE[93]
    Mo2CF20.25—0.30 PBE[81, 82]
    0.86HSE06[82]
    Mo2CCl20.05PBE[81]
    Mo2C(OH)20.1PBE[81]
    W2CO20.0683HSE06[82]
    Mo2TiC2O20.04PBE[94, 95]
    0.10—0.17HSE06[94-96]
    Mo2TiC2(OH)20.05PBE[97]
    Cr2CF(OH)0.383PBE[98]
    Cr2CF21.105PBE[98]
    Cr2C(OH)20.396PBE GGA[98]
    Mo2ZrC2O20.066PBE[95]
    0.11—0.13HSE06[95, 96]
    Mo2HfC2O20.154PBE[95]
    0.20—0.24HSE06[95, 96]
    W2TiC2O20.29HSE06[96]
    W2ZrC2O20.28HSE06[96]
    W2HfC2O20.41HSE06[96]
    Lu2CF22.07200—1000 (e)
    14—6000 (h)
    HSE06[99]
    Lu2C(OH)21.28100000—200000 (e)
    12—14000 (h)
    HSE06[99]
    DownLoad: CSV
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  • Abstract views:  13159
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Publishing process
  • Received Date:  02 June 2021
  • Accepted Date:  30 August 2021
  • Available Online:  06 September 2021
  • Published Online:  20 October 2021

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